重庆降水研究的质量控制和质量保证

本文介绍重庆地区酸雨研究的质量控制程序。合理布点、采样,样品预处理和存贮条件的研究,严格的分析测试和质控检验,是获得可比可信分析质量的保证。     

铝处理马尾松对高温、低温、干旱和SO_2的抗性研究

马尾松在不同浓度铝溶液(0、30、60、120、240、480ppm)中生长两个月后,转移至高温、低温、干旱或SO_2熏气罩中,结果发现,经过铝培养松苗的膜透性显著高于未经过铝培养松苗的膜透性,且铝浓度越大,膜透性越大,表明铝处理马尾松对高温、低温、干旱和SO_2的抵抗性降低.300ppb的SO_2熏气30h后,未经铝培养的松苗没有明显受害症状出现,而经过铝培养的松苗却表现出针叶发黄、叶缘和叶尖出现明显可见伤害斑点等SO_2受害症状,高温、低温和干旱处理的主要症状表现为针叶发黄、萎蔫。     

呼和浩特市大气气态和颗粒物上正构烷烃的研究

采用聚氨基甲酸乙酯和玻璃纤维滤膜采集样品并测定。大气中总正构烷烃的浓度分布、气／固分布比与季节变化、污染源有关。在呼市大气中总正构烷烃（Ｃ１５－Ｃ３３），夏季主要存在气态中（７８％），而冬季主要存在于颗粒物上（８３％）。内蒙古草原大气对照样品中，气态中总正构烷烃在冬夏两季所占百分比都约为５０％。市区冬季大气颗粒物上的总正构烷烃浓度比其它城市结果高出１－２个数量级。     

江苏新沂市越流含水层的地下水资源评价

中国利用越流含水层作为城市供水水源地的实例并不多见。本文根据实际开采资料,利用伽略金（Ｇａｌｅｒｋｉｎ）有限元法计算当补给层水头变化时越流含水层的地下水资源,并提出水位预测的方法。还利用补给层的水量平衡评价越流含水层开采量的保证程度,预测了新水源地投产后对老水源地的影响。本文对于正确认识越流含水层的地下水资源特性及其在城市供水中的意义有重要参考价值。     

受污染饮用水水源生物预处理技术

阐述了以石英砂、陶粒和弹性立体为填料的生物滤池、生物流化床和生物接触氧化等几种常见受污染饮用水水源生物预处理技术的工艺特点，运动参数及处理效果，及国内以淮水为源水的蚌埠自来水厂、以姚江为源水的宁波梅林和和以深圳水库为源水的，３个日处理量分别为１万ｔ、４万ｔ和４００万ｔ的生物预处理工程情况，并对生物接触氧化法预处理工艺的填料选择、挂膜、气水比和积泥反冲等技术问题进行了讨论。     

壳聚糖对染料的吸附动力学研究

通过壳聚糖吸附酸性染料普拉蓝RAWL和阳离子蓝染料X-GRRL的试验，研究了壳聚糖对这两种水溶性染料吸附的动力学行为，包括吸附速率K和颗粒内有效扩散系数Di′，同时通过对吸附焓△H的试验计算，初步分析了它们的吸附机理。     

Model calculating annual mean atmospheric dispersion factor for coastal site of nuclear power plant

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水库工程中地下水污染监控系统设计研究

当前地下水污染监控主要采取人工监控方式,存在地下通道损坏,监控精度低、预警效率低等问题,提出水库工程中地下水污染监控系统设计。通过分析监控工艺原理,工艺结合水库库区及保护区的整体布局,将系统划分为渗漏监控、非饱和带监控、保护区监控和预警监控四个子监控,并对各子监控进行优化改进,完成地下水污染监控系统的设计。实验结果表明,该系统监控精度高,预警效率高,能够有效减少对通道的破坏和对环境的污染。     

水利工程规划中的环境保护方式的影响与应对研究

水利工程在社会发展过程中起到的作用日益明显。在建设水利工程的时候,不仅要在开工前对其相关影响因素进行分析,更要考虑工程项目建设完成后对河流生态系统的影响,以保障周边环境资源的可持续发展。在进行工程建设时要遵守环保原则。根据当地的实情,在保障工程安全的基础上既要提高经济收益,还要注重环境保护的问题。因此基于环保角度提出HSPF模型水利工程产流计算方法对工程项目进行监测评估并进行相应实验,该方法有助于推进水利工程建设项目良性发展.以达到水利工程建设项目环境影响最小化、经济和环境效益最大化目标。     

Framework for improved confidence in modeled nitrous oxide estimates for biofuel regulatory standards

Biofuels vary greatly in their carbon intensity, depending on the specifics of how they are produced. Policy frameworks are needed to ensure that biofuels actually achieve intended reductions in greenhouse gas emissions. Current approaches do not account for important variables during cultivation that influence emissions. Estimating emissions based on biogeochemical models would allow accounting of farm-specific conditions, which in turn provides an incentive for producers to adopt low emissions practices. However, there are substantial uncertainties in the application of biogeochemical models. This paper proposes a policy framework that manages this uncertainty while retaining the ability of the models to account for (and hence incentivize) low emissions practices. The proposed framework is demonstrated on nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions from the cultivation of winter barley. The framework aggregates uncertainties over time, which (1) avoids penalizing producers for uncertainty in weather, (2) allows for a high degree of confidence in the emissions reductions achieved, and (3) attenuates the uncertainty penalties borne by producers within a timescale of several years. Results indicate that with effective management, N₂O emissions from feedstock cultivation may be <?5% of the carbon intensity of gasoline, whereas the existing policy approach estimates emissions >?20% of the carbon intensity of gasoline. If these emissions reductions are monetized, the framework can provide up to $0.002 per liter credits (0.8 cents per gallon) to fuel producers, which could incentivize emissions mitigation practices by biofuel feedstock suppliers, such as avoiding fall N application on silty clay loam soils. The conservatism in the current approach fails to incentivize the adoption of biofuels, while the lack of specificity fails to incentivize site-level mitigation practices. Improved uncertainty accounting and consideration of farm-level practices will incentivize mitigation efforts at landscape to global scales.