预磁化强化ZnO@Fe3O4活化PMS降解AO7

为了研究预磁化对ZnO@Fe_3O_4活化过一硫酸盐(PMS)去除水中酸性橙7(AO7)性能的影响,考察了预磁化强度、ZnO@Fe_3O_4投量、PMS投量及初始pH对Mag-ZnO@Fe_3O_4/PMS体系降解AO7效果的影响.结果表明,当预磁化强度由0 T逐渐增大至2 T时,催化剂去除AO7的表观速率常数由0.0463 min~(-1)逐渐增大至0.1832 min~(-1),反应速率提高倍数达到1.4～4.0倍; Mag-ZnO@Fe_3O_4和PMS投量的增加对AO7的去除率均有提升效果,在最优条件下反应20 min后AO7的去除率达92%;体系初始pH对AO7降解有显著影响, pH为6～8条件下有利于Mag-ZnO@Fe_3O_4催化PMS氧化反应的进行.通过投加不同种类的猝灭剂,证实了AO7的降解主要是各种自由基共同作用的结果.经过预磁化处理后的催化剂产生感应磁场,从而影响了反应体系中自由基的复合概率,使得污染物被自由基氧化的速率提高.     

模拟盐水入侵及Fe(III)浓度增强对河口感潮淡水沼泽湿地土壤反硝化速率及理化特征的影响

以闽江河口塔礁洲感潮淡水野慈姑(Sagittaria trifolia Linn.)湿地为研究对象,于2016年2、4、7和9月每月均在连续2个小潮日内向研究样地施加人造海水和Fe(OH)_3溶液,研究短期的盐水入侵及Fe(III)浓度增强对河口感潮淡水湿地土壤反硝化速率及理化特征的影响.结果表明,短期的盐水入侵、Fe(III)浓度增强对河口感潮淡水沼泽湿地土壤反硝化速率的影响不显著,然而,盐水和Fe(III)共同施加会显著提高湿地土壤反硝化速率,与对照(CK)相比,盐水和Fe(III)共同施加可使土壤反硝化速率提高270.9%.盐水入侵、盐水和Fe(III)共同施加均可显著提高湿地土壤、间隙水的电导率及Cl~-、SO_4~(2-)的含量;Fe(III)浓度增强可显著降低土壤和间隙水pH值,同时显著提高土壤三价铁含量.     

铁碳促进O3/H2O2体系深度处理准好氧矿化垃圾床渗滤液尾水中难降解有机物

构建了铁碳-O_3/H_2O_2体系降解矿化垃圾床渗滤液尾水中有机物,并考察了体系O_3、铁碳及H_2O_2投加量、初始pH值和反应时间对铁碳-O_3/H_2O_2体系处理渗滤液尾水的影响.结果表明,在铁碳投加量为3 g·L~(-1),O_3投加量为9.798 mg·min~(-1),H_2O_2投加量为2 mL·L~(-1),初始pH值为3的条件下,反应10 min后,渗滤液尾水的COD和UV_(245)分别从711.96 mg·L~(-1)、0.19下降至295.04 mg·L~(-1)、0.10.类比实验结果表明,铁碳-O_3/H_2O_2体系对渗滤液尾水有机物具有较高的去除率,且可生化性得到提高(BOD/COD从0.04增加至0.40).紫外-可见和三维荧光光谱显示,废水中难降解有机物转化为小分子有机化合物且腐殖质的分子缩合度降低.最后,采用SEM-EDS、XRD和XPS技术对铁碳-O_3/H_2O_2体系的反应机理进行了解析,发现铁碳-O_3/H_2O_2反应的机理为铁碳微电解反应、铁氧化物-H_2O_2非均相芬顿反应、O_3/H_2O_2、铁碳-O_3非均相的高级氧化作用和铁基胶体对有机物的吸附沉淀作用.研究表明,铁碳-O_3/H_2O_2体系是一种能够有效去除矿化垃圾床渗滤液尾水中难降解有机物的方法.     

亚慢性氟暴露致小鼠海马损伤的影响及分子机制研究

为探明亚慢性氟中毒致小鼠海马损伤及分子机制,选用ICR雄性小鼠140只,随机分为对照(C)、低氟(LF)、高氟(HF)、低氟(LF)+L钙离子通道激动剂(FPL)、低氟(LF)+L钙离子通道抑制剂(NIF)、高氟(HF)+激动剂(FPL)、高氟(HF)+抑制剂(NIF) 7组,分别饮用自来水、5、30 mg·L~(-1)氟化钠水溶液90 d,氟染毒第84 d分别腹腔注射生理盐水、FPL64176、Nifedipine7d.同时,采用开场行为及水迷宫检测学习记忆能力;通过HE切片染色观察海马形态结构;根据试剂盒说明检测脑组织谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-PX)、总超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)酶活性及丙二醛(MDA)含量;利用RT-PCR和Western Blot法分别检测海马内凋亡相关分子CaMKⅡ和Bax、Bcl-2基因/蛋白表达.结果发现,HF组、LF+FPL组和HF+FPL组小鼠毛发粗糙,暴躁不安.LF、HF组小鼠自发活动、探究行为及空间学习记忆力显著下降(p0.05),海马细胞损伤,SOD、GSH-PX活性极显著下降(p0.01),CaMKⅡ基因/蛋白表达水平显著(p0.05)或极显著(p0.01)上调,Bax基因/蛋白表达水平显著(p0.05)或极显著(p0.01)上调,Bcl-2基因/蛋白表达水平显著(p0.05)或极显著(p0.01)下调,Bax与Bcl-2基因/蛋白表达水平比值显著(p0.05)或极显著(p0.01)上调;LF+FPL、HF+FPL处理加剧了上述基因/蛋白表达水平,LF+NIF、HF+NIF组可逆转上述基因/蛋白表达水平.结果提示,氟中毒致脑损伤与L型钙离子通道及下游相关分子表达异常密切相关,而L钙离子通道抑制剂(Nifedipine)能改善氟暴露造成的海马损伤.     

牛粪-化肥配施对水稻田氮磷迁移转化的影响

在控制外源N输入量相同的前提下,通过田间小区实验,探讨有机肥与化肥不同施用量（牛粪施用量：5,10,20t/hm²）对稻田田间土-水界面氮磷迁移转化特征的影响.结果表明：控制稻田水中NH₄⁺-N、NO₃^--N、TN和TP输出的最佳时期分别为施肥后的第5,30,7,20d,且TN和TP浓度随时间变化符合单指数衰减方程（0.7444≤R²≤0.9724;1.1×10^-6≤F≤0.0055）.采用牛粪部分代替化肥的施肥方式,在一定范围内能降低稻田退水中TN、TP输出负荷（41.8%、36.0%、64.3%;20.3%、39.1%、48.9%）,还可以降低稻田水中N/P,降低水体富营养化风险.同时,牛粪的施用可提高土壤中脲酶和磷酸酶的含量,促进氮磷向植物可吸收形态转化.综合经济成本和生态效益核算,采用10t有机肥代替无机肥的处理是相对经济环保的施肥方法,该施肥方式下,氮磷年输出负荷分别为17.70,1.26kg/hm².     

Nanoencapsulation of hexavalent chromium with nanoscale zero-valent iron: High resolution chemical mapping of the passivation layer

Solid phase reactions of Cr(Ⅵ) with Fe(0) were investigated with spherical-aberration-corrected scanning transmission electron microscopy(Cs-STEM) integrated with X-ray energy-dispersive spectroscopy(XEDS). Near-atomic resolution elemental mappings of Cr(Ⅵ)–Fe(0) reactions were acquired. Experimental results show that rate and extent of Cr(Ⅵ) encapsulation are strongly dependent on the initial concentration of Cr(Ⅵ) in solution. Low Cr loading in nZⅥ(1.0 wt%) promotes the electrochemical oxidation and continuous corrosion of n ZⅥ while high Cr loading(1.0 wt%) can quickly shut down the Cr uptake. With the progress of iron oxidation and dissolution, elements of Cr and O counter-diffuse into the nanoparticles and accumulate in the core region at low levels of Cr(Ⅵ)(e.g., 10 mg/L). Whereas the reacted n ZⅥ is quickly coated with a newly-formed layer of 2–4 nm in the presence of concentrated Cr(Ⅵ)(e.g., 100 mg/L). The passivation structure is stable over a wide range of pH unless pH is low enough to dissolve the passivation layer. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS) depth profiling reconfirms that the composition of the newly-formed surface layer consists of Fe(Ⅲ)–Cr(Ⅲ)(oxy)hydroxides with Cr(Ⅵ) adsorbed on the outside surface. The insoluble and insulating Fe(Ⅲ)–Cr(Ⅲ)(oxy)hydroxide layer can completely cover the n ZⅥ surface above the critical Cr loading and shield the electron transfer. Thus, the fast passivation of nZⅥ in high Cr(Ⅵ) solution is detrimental to the performance of nZⅥ for Cr(Ⅵ) treatment and remediation.     

Effect of TiO2 nanoparticle aggregation on marine microalgae Isochrysis galbana

TiO_2 nanoparticles(NPs) could adversely impact aquatic ecosystems. However, the aggregation of these NPs could attenuate this effect. In this work, the biological effects of TiO_2 NPs on a marine microalgae Isochrysis galbana were investigated. The aggregation kinetics of TiO_2 NPs under different conditions was also investigated to determine and understand these effects. Results showed that, though TiO_2 NPs had no obvious impact on the size and reproducibility of algal cells under testing conditions, they caused a negative effect on algal chlorophyll, which led to a reduction in photosynthesis. Furthermore, fast aggregation of TiO_2 NPs occurred under all conditions, especially at the pH close to the p Hzpc. Increasing ionic strength and NP concentration also enhanced the aggregation rate.The aggregation and the following sedimentation of TiO_2 NPs reduced their adverse effects on I. galbana.     

Relationship between physicochemical properties and dewaterability of hydrothermal sludge derived from different source

Sewage sludge (SS) and deinking sludge (DS) were used to comparatively study the hydrothermal dewatering of sludge with different components. For a better overview, an insight into the relationship between physicochemical properties and dewaterability of hydrothermal sludge was provided. Results found that not all kinds of sludge were suitably conditioned by hydrothermal treatment (HT) in term of the elevation of dewaterability. Higher hydrothermal temperature tended to enhance the dewaterability of SS rather than DS, which was supported by the variation of their physicochemical properties (including water distribution, bonding energy, extracellular polymeric substance (EPS), particles size, acid functional groups and zeta potential in this study). In addition, the changes in surface morphology suggested that the reverse effect of HT on sludge dewaterability was mainly due to their dewatering behavior. For SS, the destruction of EPS structure leaded to the release of bound water, thereby strengthening sludge dewatering. Conversely, “Bridging effect” generated by lignocellulose in DS was beneficial for sludge dewatering; however, the increasing hydrothermal temperature degraded part of lignocellulose and weakened “bridging effect”, finally resulting in worse dewaterability of DS.     

水环境综合整治工程存在的风险因素分析研究

水环境综合整治工程存在的风险因素主要有财务风险、造价预测偏离风险、征地困难风险、施工事故风险以及后期质量可靠性风险等,根据风险因素构建评价解释变量和控制变量模型,结合内部控制和信息披露方法进行风险预测评估,采用分组样本检验方法进行水环境综合整治工程风险因素方法,采用T检验方法进行水环境质量可靠性检验,实现风险有效评估和预防。通过实证分析方法进行模板数据分析,提高对水环境综合整治工程存在的风险因素的定量评估能力。     

海水中阴极极化对X80钢应力腐蚀及氢脆敏感性的影响

目的研究不同p H值海水中阴极极化对X80管线钢应力腐蚀及氢脆的抑制作用。方法采用慢应变速率拉伸试验、电化学测试、微观组织观察等分析方法。结果 X80钢在天然海水中的析氢电位约为-940m V(vs.SCE,下同),海水p H为3.5时析氢电位发生正移。其应力腐蚀敏感性与极化电位有很大关系,随着极化电位负移,X80钢的氢脆敏感性增加。天然海水中当极化电位负于-950 m V时,断口出现准解理断裂特征形貌。在-1050 m V极化电位下,钢材进入氢脆断裂区发生脆性断裂。海水p H为3.5时,-900 m V钢材有发生氢脆的危险。结论与天然海水相比,X80钢在p H为3.5的酸性海水中具有较高的应力腐蚀敏感性,两种海水介质中X80钢的应力腐蚀敏感性均随极化电位负移而增加。