电动单梁起重机吊具冲顶引发起升电机坠落事故分析

针对一起电动单梁起重机吊具冲顶并引发起升电机坠落的起重作业事故,分析了事故起重机电气控制系统和现场紧急处置中存在的问题,指出了导致事故发生的直接原因和主要原因;并从完善起重机电气控制系统本质安全性和加强起重机械使用安全管理的角度提出了相应建议和意见,对预防类似事故的发生具有借鉴作用.     

抢救心脏骤停者与黄金4分钟

心脏骤停是人类生命最危险的急症之一。就其紧急程度和危险程度而言, 世界上没有任何一种疾病能够与之相比。心脏骤停是猝死前奏,处理得当,则可逢凶化吉。在北京国际展览中心举办的一次国际车展的开幕式上,有一位70多岁的老者突然心脏病发作,在场的一位小伙子及时有效地给这位老者实施了现场心肺复苏抢救,为挽救患者的生命奠定了良好的基础。后来得知,这位小伙子曾在红十字会接受过正规培训。     

土地利用变化对流域水文过程时空分异的影响 ——以赣江流域为例

土地利用变化引起的水文分量时空变化对认识流域产汇流过程,优化流域土地利用结构和水资源规划具有重要意义。基于SWAT模型,本研究以赣江流域为例,结合1980、2000、2015年3期土地利用数据从水文响应单元的角度,系统分析了单纯土地利用变化对流域产流、蒸发、入渗以及径流等主要水文过程时空分布的影响。结果表明：1980~2015年间,流域内的土地利用变化主要表现为耕地和林地的减少,城乡建设用地的增加;林地的减少和城乡建设用地的增加是产流增加,蒸发和入渗减少的主要原因;总体上,土地利用变化对局部地区水文过程影响较大,但因土地利用类型之间的相互转化和其影响的叠加,流域尺度上的综合水文效应明显降低;土地利用变化导致整个赣江流域平均径流量增加了2.33×108m3,相比较近年来赣江径流的减小幅度其影响十分有限。近年来,赣江入湖径流量的下降主要是由气候变化和其他人类活动作用特别是流域工农业用水的大幅增长所致。流域水文过程模拟应充分考虑土地利用变化水文效应的时空分异,注重天然和社会水循环的耦合,才能更为真实的反映流域水文过程,更好的为流域土地利用结构优化和水资源的高效管理提供科学依据。     

淮海经济区PM2.5时空特征及影响因素

PM2.5对区域环境和人体健康有着重要影响,淮海经济区作为东部沿海经济发展带的重要支撑部分,剖析其PM2.5时空特征及其影响因素对于京津冀和长三角城市群开展区域空气污染的联防有着重要意义.首先采用时间序列分析对研究区PM2.5浓度特征进行分析,其次利用空间分析方法分析了淮海经济区PM2.5时空特征,最后基于淮海经济区PM2.5空间自相关特征,进一步采用地理加权回归模型探究了PM2.5浓度的影响因素及其空间异质性.结果 表明:(1)淮海经济区逐日PM2.5浓度值呈现出周期性的脉冲型起伏变化规律,整体呈现出冬秋季高、春夏低的"U"型趋势.逐日PM2.5浓度振荡周期短周期为2～3d,长周期为6～7d.(2)淮海经济区PM2.5浓度的空间局部相关性呈现出周期性的变化规律.全年热点区域主要集中在研究区西北的菏泽市和西南的徐州市,冷点区则主要集中在沿海区域.(3)淮海经济区PM2.5浓度影响因素主要包括平均气温、平均降水、平均风速、林地比例和路网密度等因素,不同因素对PM2.5浓度影响存在显著的空间异质性.     

绿色生态城区规划及实践的比较研究

目前,是以提倡低碳环保、绿色生态城市为发展规划的社会,生态化建设正如火如荼地进行中。本文以中新天津生态城、曹妃甸唐山湾生态城、青岛中德生态园这三个地点作比较,以建设绿色生态城市规划协同、共生城市理念、混合开发和生态社区结构这几点进行了分析,总结了城区建设间的问题,并针对这些问题研究解决方案,以达到绿色生态区建设的目的。     

磺酰脲类除草剂的微生物降解研究进展

磺酰脲类除草剂属于高效、低毒、高选择性的新型除草剂,被广泛应用于水稻、玉米、小麦、大豆等田间杂草的防控,其用量也呈逐年增加的趋势,但其微量的除草剂残留易对后茬敏感作物产生药害.利用微生物降解土壤中的除草剂残留有望成为一种修复污染的有效方法.本文综述了近几年国内外筛选出的能够降解磺酰脲类除草剂菌株的来源和所属微生物类群,以及除草剂降解酶的研究进展,此外,对相关微生物对不同除草剂的降解途径也进行了简要介绍,最后提出了目前有待解决的问题并对未来该领域的研究趋势进行了展望,可为后续寻找高效的微生物降解菌种及利用基因工程法修复受污染的土壤、水源提供参考.     

全氟辛烷磺酸盐(PFOS)对半滑舌鳎(Cynoglossus semilaevis)免疫相关基因表达的影响

为了解全氟辛烷磺酸盐(perfluorooctane sulfonate, PFOS)暴露对半滑舌鳎(Cynoglossus semilaevis)免疫功能的影响,在实验室条件下,运用RT-PCR方法分析了PFOS暴露对半滑舌鳎热休克蛋白hsp70、hsp90、C型凝集素(c-type lectin)和细胞色素c氧化酶(cytochrome c oxidase, cox)等4种免疫相关基因表达水平的影响。实验测定了上述4种基因在半滑舌鳎肝、鳃、肠及肌肉4种不同组织中随时间(0、24 h、48 h、96 h和7 d)的表达变化情况。结果表明,在4种组织中,hsp70基因的表达与对照相比为上调,其中,肝组织hsp70基因的表达量显著高于其他各组织,且表达高峰值的出现也早于其他各组织;hsp90基因在肝和鳃组织中表达量随时间不同而波动,在肠组织中表达上调,在肌肉中表达显著下调;c-type lectin基因表达量与对照组相比表达显著下调或无明显差异;cox基因在肝组织和肠组织中表达下调,在鳃和肌肉中表达上调。上述研究结果表明,PFOS能引起免疫相关基因的表达变化,对半滑舌鳎具有潜在的免疫毒性。肝组织中各免疫基因对PFOS胁迫的响应高于其他组织。本研究可为阐明全氟辛烷磺酸盐对半滑舌鳎的免疫毒性提供基础数据。     

Scenario-based assessment and multi-objective optimization of urban development plan with carrying capacity of water system

• Impact of urban development on water system is assessed with carrying capacity. • Impacts on both water resource quantity and environmental quality are involved. • Multi-objective optimization revealing system trade-off facilitate the regulation. • Efficiency, scale and structure of urban development are regulated in two stages. • A roadmap approaching more sustainable development is provided for the case city. Environmental impact assessments and subsequent regulation measures of urban development plans are critical to human progress toward sustainability, since these plans set the scale and structure targets of future socioeconomic development. A three-step methodology for assessing and optimizing an urban development plan focusing on its impacts on the water system was developed. The methodology first predicted the pressure on the water system caused by implementation of the plan under distinct scenarios, then compared the pressure with the carrying capacity threshold to verify the system status; finally, a multi-objective optimization method was used to propose regulation solutions. The methodology enabled evaluation of the water system carrying state, taking socioeconomic development uncertainties into account, and multiple sets of improvement measures under different decisionmaker preferences were generated. The methodology was applied in the case of Zhoushan city in South-east China. The assessment results showed that overloading problems occurred in 11 out of the 13 zones in Zhoushan, with the potential pressure varying from 1.1 to 18.3 times the carrying capacity. As a basic regulation measure, an environmental efficiency upgrade could relieve the overloading in 4 zones and reduce 9%‒63% of the pressure. The optimization of industrial development showed that the pressure could be controlled under the carrying capacity threshold if the planned scale was reduced by 24% and the industrial structure was transformed. Various regulation schemes including a more suitable scale and structure with necessary efficiency standards are provided for decisionmakers that can help the case city approach a more sustainable development pattern.     

Biological conversion pathways of sulfate reduction ammonium oxidation in anammox consortia

• The SRAO phenomena tended to occur only under certain conditions. • High amount of biomass and non-anaerobic condition is requirement for SRAO. • Anammox bacteria cannot oxidize ammonium with sulfate as electron acceptor. • AOB and AnAOB are mainly responsible for ammonium conversion. • Heterotrophic sulfate reduction mainly contributed to sulfate conversion. For over two decades, sulfate reduction with ammonium oxidation (SRAO) had been reported from laboratory experiments. SRAO was considered an autotrophic process mediated by anammox bacteria, in which ammonium as electron donor was oxidized by the electron acceptor sulfate. This process had been attributed to observed transformations of nitrogenous and sulfurous compounds in natural environments. Results obtained differed largely for the conversion mole ratios (ammonium/sulfate), and even the intermediate and final products of sulfate reduction. Thus, the hypothesis of biological conversion pathways of ammonium and sulfate in anammox consortia is implausible. In this study, continuous reactor experiments (with working volume of 3.8L) and batch tests were conducted under normal anaerobic (0.2≤DO<0.5 mg/L) / strict anaerobic (DO<0.2 mg/L) conditions with different biomass proportions to verify the SRAO phenomena and identify possible pathways behind substrate conversion. Key findings were that SRAO occurred only in cases of high amounts of inoculant biomass under normal anaerobic condition, while absent under strict anaerobic conditions for same anammox consortia. Mass balance and stoichiometry were checked based on experimental results and the thermodynamics proposed by previous studies were critically discussed. Thus anammox bacteria do not possess the ability to oxidize ammonium with sulfate as electron acceptor and the assumed SRAO could, in fact, be a combination of aerobic ammonium oxidation, anammox and heterotrophic sulfate reduction processes.