北京和上海典型复合包装废物处置环境影响比较

采用生命周期评价法研究比较了北京和上海两地纸塑铝复合包装处置阶段的环境影响。通过现场和资料调研的方式获得此阶段的能量物质的输入输出和环境外排数据。结果表明:北京和上海两地纸塑铝复合包装处置阶段的环境影响潜值分别为-0.428 Pt和9.776 Pt,其主要集中在气候变化、土地占用和无机物对健康的损害三方面;每提高10%的回收率,其环境影响潜值北京和上海可分别降低5.446 Pt和5.799 Pt;上海地区纸塑铝复合包装处置阶段对环境的影响在任何同回收率的情况都要高于北京地区,其主要原因是上海地区填埋产生的温室气体释放量过大和再生企业距离打包点较远。     

光/电Fenton牺牲阳极法降解有机污染物

采用Fe片为阳极和石墨为阴极,在可见光(λ450 nm)照射并外加电压条件下,以有机染料橙Ⅱ(orangeⅡ)及有机无色小分子2,4-二氯苯酚(2,4-dichlorophenol,DCP)为目标化合物,探讨了光/电Fenton牺牲阳极法降解有机污染物的最佳反应条件,结果表明,在电压=3 V,pH=3.0,H2O2浓度为5×10-5mol/L时,orangeⅡ的降解效果最好,反应10 h矿化率可达到78%,210 min内2,4-DCP降解率为91.4%。通过对光/电Fenton体系原位循环伏安参数测定及过氧化物酶催化反应吸光光度法和苯甲酸荧光分析法检测光/电Fenton降解orange II过程中H2O2和羟基自由基(.OH)的变化,表明orangeⅡ降解过程涉及.OH历程。     

电絮凝—H_2O_2氧化法处理邻苯二甲酸二甲酯废水的机理研究

采用电絮凝—H2O2氧化法处理邻苯二甲酸二甲酯(DMP)废水,利用多种分析手段对处理过程进行跟踪。实验结果表明整个处理过程可以分为两个阶段:当反应时间为0～8h时,以电Fenton氧化反应为主,产生的羟基自由基有效地降解了反应液中的DMP;当反应8h后,以絮凝作用和气浮作用为主。在氧化过程中,DMP中的甲基先被氧化生成邻苯二甲酸,苯环被开环并生成链状低级烃类,最后这些有机小分子几乎完全被矿化为CO2和H2O。     

Estimates of synthetic fertilizer N-induced direct nitrous oxide emission from Chinese croplands during 1980-2000

There is increasing concern that agricultural intensification in China has greatly increased N₂O emissions due to rapidly increased fertilizer use. By linking a spatial database of precipitation, synthetic fertilizer N input, cropping rotation and area via GIS, a precipitation-rectified emission factor of N₂O for upland croplands and water regime-specific emission factors for irrigated rice paddies were adopted to estimate annual synthetic fertilizer N-induced direct N₂O emissions (FIE-N₂O) from Chinese croplands during 1980-2000. Annual FIE-N₂O was estimated to be 115.7 Gg N₂O-N year⁻¹ in the 1980s and 210.5 Gg N₂O-N year⁻¹ in the 1990s, with an annual increasing rate of 9.14 Gg N₂O-N year⁻¹ over the period 1980-2000. Upland croplands contributed most to the national total of FIE-N₂O, accounting for 79% in 1980 and 92% in 2000. Approximately 65% of the FIE-N₂O emitted in eastern and southern central China.     

产业结构演变的流域水环境响应研究——以社渎港流域为例

以太湖15个入湖河流之一的社渎港为研究对象,利用社渎港流域的水环境质量监测数据、工业企业污染排放调查数据、环境统计数据及社会经济统计数据,对社渎港流域产业结构的合理性进行了诊断,并采用典型相关分析方法探讨了产业结构演变对水环境的影响。结果表明,研究区的工业污染总体上得到了较好控制,其中屺亭街道的工业污染排放最为严重;城乡生活污染和农业面源污染是研究区水环境质量恶化的主要原因,城乡生活污染对COD和氨氮入河量的贡献率较高,分别为46.59%和60.55%,农业面源污染对TN和TP入河量的贡献率突出,分别为64.05%和76.50%;研究区产业结构与钱纳里三次产业结构模式(产业结构合理程度的参照标准)的Hamming贴近度从2001年的0.83下降到2007年的0.77,产业结构不尽合理,且不合理程度逐渐加剧;研究区第一产业对TN和TP入河量的影响最为显著,第三产业对氨氮和COD入河量的影响最为明显;可通过优化产业结构来减轻研究区的水环境污染状况,产业结构调整的主要目标应为降低第二产业产值比例及增加第三产业产值比例。     

Sorption kinetic characteristics of polybrominated diphenyl ethers on natural soils

Sorption kinetic characteristics of BDE-28 and BDE-47 on five natural soils with different organic carbon fractions were investigated, and could be satisfactorily described by a two (fast and slow)-compartment first-order model with the ratio of rate constants ranged from 9 to 94 times. The fast compartment made a dominant contribution (71% ∼ 94%) to the total sorption amount in the whole process, and accounted for over 90% of the increase in the total sorption amount at initial 5 h. The influence of the slow compartment on the increase in the total sorption amount became principal (above 90%) in the subsequent stage approximately from 9 h or 25 h to the apparent equilibrium at 265 h. The results proposed the different sorption behaviors of the mathematically classified compartments for BDE-28 and BDE-47, which may correspond to the different soil components, such as soil organic fractions with amorphous and condensed structures, respectively.     

A method of detecting carbonyl compounds in tree leaves in China

Background, aim, and scope  

Carbonyl compounds have been paid more and more attention because some carbonyl species have been proven to be carcinogenic or a risk for human health. Plant leaves are both an important emission source and an important sink of carbonyl compounds. But the research on carbonyl compounds from plant leaves is very scarce. In order to make an approach to the emission mechanism of plant leaves, a new method was established to extract carbonyl compounds from fresh plant leaves.     

贫营养异养硝化细菌的分离鉴定及硝化性能研究

从水库底泥中分离出1株贫营养异养硝化细菌,命名为菌株Y11。经菌株生理特性研究和16SrDNA测序,鉴定出菌株Y11属于假单胞菌属细菌(Pseudomonas sp.)。考察了温度、pH及C/N对菌株Y11的硝化性能影响,结果表明,菌株Y11进行硝化作用的最适温度为30℃,最适pH为中性,最适C/N为6.0,在该条件下进行4d的硝化反应,菌株Y11对氨氮去除率可达91.42%。     

CCS scenarios optimization by spatial multi-criteria analysis: Application to multiple source sink matching in Hebei province

A method, based on spatial analysis of the different criteria to be taken into consideration for building scenarios of CO₂ capture and storage (CCS), has been developed and applied to real case studies in the Hebei province. Totally 88 point sources (42 from power sector, 9 from iron and steel, 18 from cement, 16 from ammonia, and 3 from oil refinery) are estimated and their total emission amounts to 231.7 MtCO₂/year with power, iron and steel, cement, ammonia and oil refinery sharing 59.13%, 25.03%, 11.44%, 3.5%, and 0.91%, respectively. Storage opportunities can be found in Hebei province, characterised by a strong tectonic subsidence during the Tertiary, with several kilometres of accumulated clastic sediments. Carbon storage potential for 25 hydrocarbon fields selected from the Huabei complex is estimated as 215 MtCO₂ with optimistic assumption that all recovered hydrocarbon could be replaced by an equivalent volume of CO₂ at reservoir conditions. Storage potential for aquifers in the Miocene Guantao formation is estimated as 747 MtCO₂ if closed aquifer assumed or 371 MtCO₂ if open aquifer and single highly permeable horizon assumed. Due to poor knowledge on deep hydrogeology and to pressure increase in aquifer, injecting very high rates requested by the major CO₂ sources (>10 MtCO₂/year) is the main challenge, therefore piezometry and discharge must be carefully controlled. A source sink matching model using ArcGIS software is designed to find the least-cost pathway and to estimate transport route and cost accounting for the additional costs of pipeline construction due to landform and land use. Source sink matching results show that only 15–25% of the emissions estimated for the 88 sources can be sequestrated into the hydrocarbon fields and the aquifers if assuming sinks should be able to accommodate at least 15 years of the emissions of a given source.     

山东半岛城市群循环型旅游业评价研究

在对山东半岛城市群旅游业发展现状进行分析的基础上,构建了循环型旅游业评价指标体系,并对其发展状况进行评价,进一步提出发展循环型旅游业的建议。