Biomarker responses and reproductive toxicity of the effluent from a Chinese large sewage treatment plant in Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes)

The present study was conducted to assess the potential toxicity of the effluent from a large sewage treatment plant (GBD-STP) in Beijing. Japanese medakas (Oryzias latipes) at reproduction active period were exposed to a serial of graded concentrations of the effluent or 100 ng l-1 of 17-alpha-ethinylestradiol (EE2, positive control). Growth, gonadosomatic index (GSI), hepatosomatic index (HSI), reproductive success, induction potency of vitellogenin (VTG) in male fish and that of 7-ethoxyresorufin-o-deethylase activity (EROD) in male fish liver were used as test endpoints. The growth suppression of fish was observed in a dose-dependent manner, resulting in significant differences in both body length and body weight of medaka above 5% effluent. This effluent can inhibit the growth of gonad of medakas and are more sensitive to male than to female. At exposure concentration of 40% and higher, there was an unexpected decrease of HSI values, which may be resulted from sub-lethal toxicity of effluent to fish liver. VTG of plasma in males were induced in all exposure concentration levels, but not in a dose-dependent manner. The concentration of 5% effluent would be the lowest observed adverse effect level (LOAEL) affecting reproductive success when examining fertile individuals, fecundity and fertilization rate. The overt CYP1A response and higher reproductive toxicity may be indicative of low process efficiency of this STP.     

厌氧氨氧化菌活性恢复及富集培养研究

为了防止微生物流失,向厌氧序批式反应器(ASBR)中投加纤维膜(无纺布)作为厌氧氨氧化菌的载体,而使ASBR改为厌氧序批式生物膜反应器(ASBBR),研究了厌氧氨氧化菌活性恢复及富集培养过程中氮负荷提高对ASBBR的影响。经过23d的培养,厌氧氨氧化菌的活性恢复到原有的水平,然后提高TN容积负荷培养厌氧氨氧化菌。至132d时,反应器TN容积去除负荷达到了2.060kg/(m3·d)。整个过程中NH4+-N和NO2--N去除率一直保持在98%以上。当厌氧氨氧化菌活性恢复后,NH4+-N、NO2--N消耗量与NO3--N生成量之比最终趋于一定值(1.00∶1.30∶0.25)。在培养过程中,污泥颜色逐渐由灰色变为红棕色,最终变为浅红色。结果表明,反应器运行很稳定,NH4+-N、NO2--N出水浓度非常低,在短时间内能提高到较高的容积去除负荷。可见,ASBBR很适合厌氧氨氧化菌的富集培养。     

Cytotoxicity and DNA damage of five organophosphorus pesticides mediated by oxidative stress in PC12 cells and protection by vitamin E

Previous studies have demonstrated that pesticides could induce cytotoxicity and genotoxicity in vivo and in vitro, and that oxidative stress may be an important factor involved. However, investigations comparing the capability of different organophosphorous (OP) compounds to induce cytotoxicity, genotoxicity and oxidative stress are limited. Hence, the aim of this paper was to access the cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of five OPs or metabolites, Acephate (ACE), Methamidophos (MET), Chloramidophos (CHL), Malathion (MAT) and Malaoxon (MAO), and to clarify the role of oxidative stress, using PC12 cells. The results demonstrated that MET, MAT and MAO caused significant inhibition of cell viability and increased DNA damage in PC12 cells at 40 mg L^?1. MAO was more toxic than the other OPs. ACE, MET, MAT and MAO increased the levels of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and malondialdehyde (MDA), and decreased the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione (GSH) at 20 mg L^?1 and 40 mg L^?1 to different degrees. Pre-treatment with vitamin E(600 μM)caused a significant attenuation in the cytotoxic and genotoxic effect; pre-treatment reversed subsequent OP-induced elevation of peroxidation products and the decline of anti-oxidant enzyme activities. These results indicate that oxidative damage is likely to be an initiating event that contributes to the OP-induced cytotoxicity.     

气升回流一体化工艺处理生活污水简

针对分散型生活污水处理开发了气升回流一体化工艺,以校园生活污水为对象,研究其对生活污水中污染物的去除效果。该系统由好氧区、厌氧区、沉淀区和气升室组成,以曝气的剩余气体的气升作用实现混合液的回流,节省动力消耗。结果表明,本工艺对COD、氨氮及悬浮物（SS）有较好的去除效果,去除率分别达到80%、90%和75%左右,出水COD、NH₄⁺-N及SS平均浓度在40 mg/L、6.5 mg/L和10 mg/L左右。当进水COD在100~1 000 mg/L之间波动时,出水水质稳定。该工艺有较强的抗冲击负荷能力,且可实现剩余污泥的自消解。本工艺具有结构紧凑、占地少,运行费用低,维护简单的特点。     

Chlorobenzenes removal from municipal solid waste incineration fly ash by surfactant-assisted column flotation

The organic contaminants in municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) fly ash, including chlorinated aromatic compounds and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, have high toxicity and a potential negative impact on the environment. An effective and low energy consumption technique to remove the organic contaminants from MSWI fly ash is required urgently. Organic contaminants, such as chlorobenzenes (CBzs), in MSWI fly ash are known to become enriched in the unburnt carbon (UC) fraction. It is proposed that removal of UC from fly ash will result in the effective removal of most organic micropollutants. In this research, we use a technique of surfactant-assisted column flotation to decontaminate MSWI fly ash by removal of the CBzs-enriched UC from MSWI fly ash. We find that 39.8% of CBzs can be removed from fresh MSWI fly ash with 61.7% UC removal efficiency, whereas only 33.2% of CBzs can be removed from weathered MSWI fly ash with a low UC removal efficiency of 33.7%. By adding a mixture of two kinds of surfactants: sorbitan mono-oleate and polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan mono-oleate to the weathered fly ash, 47.0% of CBzs were removed at the hydrophile lipophile balance value of 13.5, while the UC removal efficiency increased to 49.0%. The results show that surfactants can enhance CBzs and UC removal efficiencies during the column flotation process. Higher CBzs and UC removal efficiencies can be expected by further optimizing the conditions of surfactant-assisted column flotation.     

连续流改进A~2/O反应器去污效果及分相培养研究

以生活污水为原水,在常温(25~33℃)条件下采用连续流改进A2/O反应器进行脱氮除磷实验研究。系统内COD降解,TN与TP去除主要在活性污泥段完成,而NH4+-N去除基本在生物接触氧化区完成。从中沉池出水硝态氮影响因素分析可知,选用较高的有机负荷有利于实现系统内分相培养。泥龄对实现系统内微生物异养菌和自养菌的分相培养具有关键影响。当泥龄10 d,可实现系统内异养菌与自养菌的分相培养。     

Sorption of tylosin on clay minerals

The equilibrium sorption of tylosin (TYL) on kaolinite and montmorillonite was measured at different solution pH using batch reactor systems. The results showed that all the sorption isotherms were nonlinear and that the nonlinearity decreased as the solution pH increased for a given clay. At a specific aqueous concentration, the single-point sorption distribution coefficient (K_D) of TYL decreased rapidly as the solution pH increased. A speciation-dependent sorption model that accounted for the contributions of the cationic and neutral forms of TYL fit the data well, suggesting that the sorption may be dominated by both ion exchange and hydrophobic interactions. The isotherm data also fit well to a dual mode model that quantifies the contributions of a site-limiting Langmuir component (ion exchange) and a non-specific linear partitioning component (hydrophobic interactions). X-ray diffraction analyses revealed that the interlayers of montmorillonite were expanded due to the uptake of TYL. TYL molecules likely form a monolayer surface coverage.     

Fate and assessment of persistent organic pollutants in water and sediment from Minjiang River Estuary,Southeast China

Persistent organochlorine compounds were analyzed in surface water, porewater and surficial sediment samples from Minjiang River Estuary, which is the first large river in Fujian Province, Southeast of China. The total concentrations of 18 organochlorine pesticides were 214.4-1819, 4541-13,699 ng/l, 28.79-52.07 ng/g in surface water, porewater and sediments (dry weight) respectively, and those of 21 polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in the three phases were: 203.9-2473, 3192-10,855 ng/l, 15.14-57.93 ng/g respectively. The results showed that the concentrations of these selected organochlorine pesticides and PCBs in porewater were higher than those in surface water. It may be due to the fact that these organic hydrophobic pollutants tend to stay in the sediments, and then re-suspend from the sedimentary phase to the upper water. We have analyzed the distribution characteristics of individual organochlorine pesticide components and PCBs, and found that alpha-HCH, DDE, Heptachlor, Endosulfan II, Methoxychlor were the most common organochlorine pesticides contaminants. Considering the groups of HCHs (HCHs=alpha-HCH+beta-HCH+gamma-HCH+delta-HCH) and DDTs (DDTs=DDT+DDD+DDE), the predominance of beta-HCH, DDE in all water, porewater and sediment samples was clearly observed. This observation suggested that beta-HCH was resistant to biodegradation and the DDTs had been transformed to its metabolites, DDE and DDD, of which DDE that was more un-degradable. The PCB congeners containing 3-6 chlorines had the great preponderance in the three phase. These results were compared with those present in other estuaries and harbors. A risk assessment was evaluated for the persistent organic pollutants in the Minjiang River Estuary.     

结晶紫褪色分光光度法测定SO_2的研究

在碱性介质中,ＳＯ２能使结晶紫褪色且褪色的程度随ＳＯ２量的增加而呈线性关系,据此建立了分光光度法测定ＳＯ２的新方法,确定了显色测定的最佳条件。方法的最大吸收波长在６００ｎｍ处,表观摩尔吸光系数为７３×１０３Ｌ／ｍｏｌ·ｃｍ。ＳＯ２量在０～１００μｇ／２５ｍｌ范围内符合比尔定律     

环境空气自动监测方法检出限相关问题探讨

探讨了环境空气自动监测中实际评估方法检出限的意义,详细介绍了常规气态污染物自动监测方法检出限的评估方法。并以EC 9850型SO2分析仪为例,说明了环境空气自动监测的测定步骤和方法检出限的计算。