Comparison of Fenton and Photo-Fenton Processes for Livestock Wastewater Treatment

In this study, the photochemical degradation of livestock wastewater was carried out by the Fenton and Photo-Fenton processes. The effects of pH, reaction time, the molar ratio of Fe^{2 +}/H₂O₂, and the Fe^{2 +} dose were studied. The optimal conditions for the Fenton and Photo-Fenton processes were found to be at a pH of 4 and 5, an Fe^{2 +} dose of 0.066 M and 0.01 M, a concentration of hydrogen peroxide of 0.2 M and 0.1 M, and a molar ratio (Fe^{2 +}/H₂O₂) of 0.33 and 0.1, respectively. The optimal reaction times in the Fenton and Photo-Fenton processes were 60 min and 80 min, respectively. Under the optimal conditions of the Fenton and Photo-Fenton processes, the chemical oxygen demand (COD), color, and fecal coliform removal efficiencies were approximately 70–79, 70–85 and 96.0–99.4%, respectively.     

Enantioselectivity of racemic metolachlor and S-metolachlor in maize seedlings

Chiral herbicides may have enantioselective effects on plants. In this study, we assessed and compared the enantioselectivity of the chiral herbicides rac-metolachlor and S-metolachlor to maize seedlings. The superoxide dismutase activity (SOD) activity of roots and stem leaves treated by rac-metolachlor was 1.38 and 1.99 times that of roots and stem leaves treated by S-metolachlor. The peroxidase activity (POD) activity of roots and stem leaves was 1.48 and 2.79 times that of roots and stem leaves treated by S-metolachlor, respectively, while the catalase activity (CAT) activity was 4.77 and 8.37 times greater, respectively. The Hill reaction activity of leaves treated by rac-metolachlor were 1.45, 1.33, and 1.14 times those treated by S-metolachlor with treatments of 18.6, 37.2, and 74.4 μM. The differences observed between treatments of rac- and S-metolachlor were significant. Significant differences in maize seedling morphology were also observed between rac- and S-metolachlor treatments. The degradation rate of S-metolachlor in roots was greater than that of rac-metolachlor. The half-lives of rac- and S-metolachlor were 80.6 and 60.3 h at 18.6 μM; 119.5 and 90 h at 37.2 μM; and 169 and 164.8 h at 74.4 μM, respectively. Using the liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry method, hydroxymetolachlor, deschlorometolachlor and deschlorometolachlor propanol were considered to be possible metabolites. We determined the enantioselective toxicity of rac- and S-metolachlor to maize and speculated on the proposed metabolic pathway of metolachlor in maize roots. These results will help to develop an understanding of the proper application of rac- and S-metolachlor in crops, and give some information for environmental safety evaluation of rac- and S-metolachlor.     

微电解预处理靛蓝牛仔布印染废水

靛蓝牛仔布印染废水组分复杂,浓度高、水量大,属于难处理的工业废水,为了有效降低后续生物处理单元的负荷,采用铁炭微电解工艺对该废水进行预处理;通过正交实验考察pH、反应时间及铁炭比处理效果的影响规律及COD去除反应动力学,并对各因素作了单因素影响实验,确定了最佳工艺条件.结果表明,铁炭微电解法是预处理靛蓝牛仔布印染废水的一种有效方法,在Fe/C为2:1、pH为3的条件下反应90 min,铁炭微电解出水COD的去除率在49.2％,色度去除率达到80％,该印染废水经微电解处理后,BOD5/COD比值可从原来的0.248上升至0.436,可生化性明显提高.此外,微电解预处理靛蓝牛仔布印染废水中COD的去除反应符合二级反应动力学规律.     

无机陶瓷膜处理油田采出水

针对陶瓷膜在油田采出水处理过程中操作参数的选择及污染机理进行了研究。通过现场实验,分析了不同的操作参数对膜通量的影响,陶瓷膜对含油量及悬浮物的去除效果,膜阻力组成及膜污染清洗方法。实验结果表明,在确定出水水质达到低渗透油田注水水质A1级标准条件下,陶瓷膜过滤最佳操作条件为:跨膜压差0.16 MPa、温度50℃、膜面流速5.0 m/s。同时发现,NaOH和HNO3联合清洗有助于恢复膜通量。     

MFC-MBR耦合系统运行效果

膜生物反应器(MBR)是一种高效的污水处理工艺,而微生物燃料电池(MFC)能有效降解污泥中的胞外生物有机质(EBOM)并回收电能.将MFC与MBR联用,建立了一套能够有效抑制膜污染同时回收电能的新系统——MFC-MBR耦合系统,MBR的剩余污泥经MFC处理后回流.以传统MBR为对照,对耦合系统中污水处理效果、膜污染情况和污泥混合液的性质进行研究.研究表明,耦合系统的污水处理效果没有明显恶化,COD去除率为94％,NH4+-N的去除率为92％.耦合系统能够有效减缓膜污染的发生,清洗周期延长了28％.污泥混合液的MLVSS/MLSS稳定在80％ ～ 88％,系统内几乎没有无机颗粒积累.松散结合态胞外聚合物(LB-EPS)降低了48％,使污泥混合液性质得到改善.较低的污泥比阻(2.69×1012m/kg)和标准化毛细吸水时间(1.67 s·L/g MLSS),证明耦合系统污泥混合液脱水性能提高了.     

燃煤锅炉机组电改袋工程成功案例分析

以宝钢电厂3#机组电改全袋工程为例,论述了该成功工程的特点,介绍了袋式除尘器及滤料的比选过程、结构型式和设计参数,总结了除尘系统所具有的技术特色和投运后所取得的效果,该案例对袋式除尘器在电站锅炉的推广应用具有参考意义。     

变压吸附技术的应用及其发展简述

文章分析了变压吸附技术存在的问题,并提出解决措施。通过对变压吸附技术应用现状的总结,对该技术未来的发展方向进行预测与评价。指出变压吸附技术能够经济高效地实现物质的分离,有望成为分离技术未来的发展方向,为环保和工业生产做出更大贡献。     

沙漠化遥感分类方法对比分析——以新疆塔河下游为例

新疆是我国受沙漠化危害最严重的省区,而沙漠化信息提取是遥感专题信息提取的难点之一,探索合适的沙漠化遥感分类方法可以为相关部门提供决策支持.本文利用TM&ETM遥感影像对比分析了现有主要应用的最大似然、最小距离、决策树等几大分类方法在沙漠化分类中的应用,结果显示:①传统的最大似然方法分类精度及出图效果等各方面优于SVM、最小距离及决策树方法.最大似然的分类总精度以及Kappa系数分别达到96.43％和0.95,分类精度随先验概率的增大而减小,混淆程度小,结果图清晰,能反应真实的沙漠化分布情况.②SVM径向基函数分类可以达到分类目的,当γ逐渐增大时精度增高,混分较稍严重,可以反应真实的沙漠化分布情况.③最小距离精度较低,有严重的漏分现象,能一定程度上反应沙漠化的分布情况.④决策树分类法的精度低,分类指数筛选复杂,分类结果图并不能很好的反应真实的沙漠化分布情况.     

Molecular and physiological characterization of fluoroquinolone resistance in relation to uropathogenicity among Escherichia coli isolates isolated from Wenyu River, China

Increasing antibacterial resistance and pathogenicity in the environment is of growing concern due to its potential human risk. In the present study, 236 Escherichia coli isolates were collected from Wenyu River in China on drugless (48 isolates) and quinolone-containing plates (189 isolates). Their minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) were determined ranging from 0.125 μg mL⁻¹ to 128 μg mL⁻¹. Mutation points related to fluoroquinolone resistance were observed at S83 to L and D87 to N or Y in the GyrA subunit and S80 to R or I and E84 to G in the ParC subunit. Generally, MICs of LEV and GAT are dependent on the patterns of these mutation points. The profile with three mutation points was related to LEV-resistant E. coli isolates, and the (S83L, D87N + S80I) mutation profile was most prevalent (65.7%) in LEV-resistant isolates, while a large proportion of isolates, even those with three mutation points, were susceptive to GAT. The incidence of virulence factors in LEV-resistant isolates (44.7%, 59/132) was much higher than in nonresistant isolates (23.1%, 24/104) (χ² = 11.925, 1° of freedom, p < 0.001) indicating that fluoroquinolone-resistant E. coli would pose a potential risk. A similar distribution was also found in isolates resistant to GAT (χ² = 7.843, 1° of freedom, p = 0.0079).