可燃气体燃爆特性综合试验装置构建与甲烷试验

为研究半开敞空间内可燃气体爆炸过程,设计带有泄压面的气体爆炸室,并在此基础上构建一套可燃气体燃爆特性综合试验装置。运用该试验装置,研究预混塔内甲烷气体分层现象以及甲烷爆炸浓度与最小点火能之间的变化规律。甲烷分层试验结果表明:静置一段时间后,预混塔中甲烷浓度随高度的增加而增大。最小点火能试验结果显示,当甲烷的试验爆炸体积分数在10%～13%时,其浓度与点火能之间呈现比较平缓的变化关系,而当其体积分数小于10%或大于13%时,浓度稍微变化,其点火能将发生明显变化。     

建筑安全事故防范认知与主体身份特征关系诊断研究

为进一步研究建筑安全主体的身份特征对建筑安全事故防范认知的影响,通过分析现有文献,对建筑安全主体身份特征、建筑安全管理认知、建筑安全技术措施认知和建筑安全事故防范认知4个因素分别进行探讨,并提出其相互之间的关系假设。基于结构方程模型(SEM)方法,构建由4个因子16个观测变量组成的指标体系。采用LISREL8.53软件,验证因子及观测变量之间的关系。个案研究结果表明,主体身份特征对建筑安全管理认知、安全技术措施认知和建筑安全事故防范认知具有较强的社会属性效应,主体身份特征通过建筑安全管理认知、安全技术措施认知对建筑安全事故防范认知的正效应也比较明显。重塑建筑安全主体社会属性、加强安全管理和技术措施教育,均能有效提高建筑安全事故防范认知。     

基于重要性分析的甲烷/乙烯混合燃烧框架机理构筑

建立了基于重要性分析的详细化学机理分析平台,利用耦合组分化学存活时间和敏感性系数的重要性参数,确定详细机理中的准稳态组分,通过移除这些组分及其相关反应,得到了计算精度较高的框架机理。针对目前燃烧学界较为关注的混合燃烧问题,以甲烷、乙烯这两种典型低碳碳氢燃料为研究对象,对其详细化学反应机理进行了分析,利用重要性分析法构筑框架机理,并对甲烷/空气和甲烷/乙烯/空气预混火焰进行了数值计算。与详细机理相比,框架机理所涉及的组分数与基元反应数都得到了大幅度的降低,计算时间明显减少,但对火焰温度及反应物、生成物、中间组分浓度的预测与采用详细机理得到的结果吻合良好,证明了重要性分析法的有效性与可靠性。     

酮连氮法制肼废水处理研究

针对酮连氮法制肼生产过程中产生的高盐废水,采用化学沉淀和次氯酸钠氧化两种方法联合处理.结果表明:调节废水pH=9.0,以MgCl2.6H2O和Na2HPO4.12H2O为沉淀剂,n(Mg2+)∶n(NH4+)∶n(PO43-)=1.2∶1.0∶0.9,NH4+-N去除率为96.8％;再向废水中投入次氯酸钠溶液,其加入量为废水量的1.3％～1.6％时,可使废水CODCr从1 650 mg/L降至63.2 mg/L,无机铵质量浓度为0,总铵质量浓度为1.8 mg/L.经两步处理后的废水可用于一次盐水.     

煤炭资源型城市大气环境污染损失核算研究

针对阜新市煤炭开采和环境污染现状,在借鉴环境经济学中环境价值核算方法的基础上,提出用实物量和价值量分别计算的大气污染核算方法.结合人力资本法和市场价值法等环境价值评价方法,对阜新市2010年煤炭开采造成的大气环境污染损失进行货币核算.结果表明,2010年阜新煤炭开采造成大气环境污染损失约12.660亿元,折合吨煤损失约80.09元.其中,人体健康损失最多,约占总损失的65.63％.由于所采用的某些计算方法本身具有不确定性,该计算结果只作为损失上限的参考值,未来的研究可以尝试建立配套的评估体系.     

粗磨粉碎对秸秆厌氧发酵产沼气的影响

通过对高效粗磨机粉碎秸秆(RS-HECGM)和传统的切割机粉碎秸秆(RS-CTM)在酸解处理、厌氧消化、能耗、粒径分布等方面的比较,探究高效粗磨机粉碎的优劣.与RS-CTM相比,RS-HECGM酸解后半纤维素降解率提高了13.23％.厌氧发酵后,RS-HECGM中纤维素和半纤维素的降解率分别达到58.85％、48.47％,比RS-CTM分别提高了23.58％、29.15％;累积产气量达到10 375 mL,产气率为0.3127 L/gVS,较RS-CTM分别提高了17.43％和16.21％.RS-CTM发酵体系的总固体质量分数由发酵前的6.03％下降至3.94％,而RS-HECGM发酵体系的总固体质量分数则降至3.27％.高效粗磨机的能耗为68.75 kW·h/t,虽较切割机高8.56％,但处理量却是切割机的2.67倍,为0.8 t/h.RS-HECGM粒径分布较为均匀,10 mm以下的稻草占总量的74.08％;而RS-CTM粒径较大,10 mm以下的稻草仅占总量的39.74％.使用10 L发酵罐验证,与添加RS-CTM的发酵体系相比,添加RS-HECGM的发酵体系在产气率提升19.01％的前提下,厌氧消化搅拌能耗降低了56％.     

反应器热爆炸风险分析模型的构建

从风险的角度开展化工安全管理与决策。基于能量转移论,综合运用化工工艺的热风险评估和保护层分析(LOPA)方法,在对各类典型事故预防控制措施的有效性分析基础上,选择化工工艺过程中的绝热温升(ΔTad)表征反应器热爆炸的严重度,采用保护层分析得到的事故发生频率表征反应器热爆炸的发生可能性,构建了适用于反应器热爆炸的风险分析模型。在运用该模型对甲苯一段硝化间歇反应器的热爆炸风险进行分析的过程中,给出了相应的风险决策方案,验证了模型的可行性。     

天然气应用对兰州大气环境的影响

煤烟型污染是兰州市大气污染严重的主要原因之一，西气东输工程对改变兰州市能源结构，改善城市环境质量具有非常重要的意义。根据兰州市大气污染现状和特性，以2000年为基准，分析研究了兰州市利用天然气前后能源结构，主要污染源及大气污染物排放量的变化。针对污染源状况和兰州市天然气用气规划，选用适宜模式预测了兰州市利用天然气后的各主要污染物的年平均浓度，计算了空气质量的改善程度。     

Anaerobic phenanthrene biodegradation with four kinds of electron acceptors enriched from the same mixed inoculum and exploration of metabolic pathways

Anaerobic phenanthrene biodegradation enriched process was described in detail. The enriched bacterial communities were characterized under four redox conditions. The enriched archaeal communities were stated under high percentage conditions. Relatively intact pathways of anaerobic phenanthrene biodegradation were proposed. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are widespread and persistent contaminants worldwide, especially in environments devoid of molecular oxygen. For lack of molecular oxygen, researchers enhanced anaerobic zones PAHs biodegradation by adding sulfate, bicarbonate, nitrate, and iron. However, microbial community reports of them were limited, and information of metabolites was poor except two-ring PAH, naphthalene. Here, we reported on four phenanthrene-degrading enrichment cultures with sulfate, bicarbonate, nitrate, and iron as electron acceptors from the same initial inoculum. The high-to-low order of the anaerobic phenanthrene biodegradation rate was the nitrate-reducing conditions>sulfate-reducing conditions>methanogenic conditions>iron-reducing conditions. The dominant bacteria populations were Desulfobacteraceae, Anaerolinaceae, and Thermodesulfobiaceae under sulfate-reducing conditions; Moraxellaceae, Clostridiaceae, and Comamonadaceae under methanogenic conditions; Rhodobacteraceae, Planococcaceae, and Xanthomonadaceae under nitrate-reducing conditions; and Geobacteraceae, Carnobacteriaceae, and Anaerolinaceae under iron-reducing conditions, respectively. Principal component analysis (PCA) indicated that bacteria populations of longtime enriched cultures with four electron acceptors all obtained significant changes from original inoculum, and bacterial communities were similar under nitrate-reducing and iron-reducing conditions. Archaea accounted for a high percentage under iron-reducing and methanogenic conditions, and Methanosarcinaceae and Methanobacteriaceae, as well as Methanobacteriaceae, were the dominant archaea populations under iron-reducing and methanogenic conditions. The key steps of phenanthrene biodegradation under four reducing conditions were carboxylation, further ring system reduction, and ring cleavage.     

Source attribution for mercury deposition with an updated atmospheric mercury emission inventory in the Pearl River Delta Region,China

Estimated anthropogenic Hg emission was 11.9 tons in Pearl River Delta for 2014. Quantifying contributions of emission sources helps to provide control strategies. More attentions should be paid to Hg deposition around the large point sources. Power plant, industrial source and waste incinerator were priorities for control. A coordinated regional Hg emission control was important for controlling pollution. We used CMAQ-Hg to simulate mercury pollution and identify main sources in the Pearl River Delta (PRD) with updated local emission inventory and latest regional and global emissions. The total anthropogenic mercury emissions in the PRD for 2014 were 11,939.6 kg. Power plants and industrial boilers were dominant sectors, responsible for 29.4 and 22.7%. We first compared model predictions and observations and the results showed a good performance. Then five scenarios with power plants (PP), municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI), industrial point sources (IP), natural sources (NAT), and boundary conditions (BCs) zeroed out separately were simulated and compared with the base case. BCs was responsible for over 30% of annual average mercury concentration and total deposition while NAT contributed around 15%. Among the anthropogenic sources, IP (22.9%) was dominant with a contribution over 20.0% and PP (18.9%) and MSWI (11.2%) ranked second and third. Results also showed that power plants were the most important emission sources in the central PRD, where the ultra-low emission for thermal power units need to be strengthened. In the northern and western PRD, cement and metal productions were priorities for mercury control. The fast growth of municipal solid waste incineration were also a key factor in the core areas. In addition, a coordinated regional mercury emission control was important for effectively controlling pollution. In the future, mercury emissions will decrease as control measures are strengthened, more attention should be paid to mercury deposition around the large point sources as high levels of pollution are observed.