Effects of copper(II) and copper oxides on THMs formation in copper pipe

Little is known about how the growth of trihalomethanes (THMs) in drinking water is affected in copper pipe. The formation of THMs and chlorine consumption in copper pipe under stagnant flow conditions were investigated. Experiments for the same water held in glass bottles were performed for comparison. Results showed that although THMs levels firstly increased in the presence of chlorine in copper pipe, faster decay of chlorine as compared to the glass bottle affected the rate of THMs formation. The analysis of water phase was supplemented by surface analysis of corrosion scales using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), scanning electron microscope (SEM) and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDX). The results showed the scales on the pipe surface mainly consisted of Cu₂O, CuO and Cu(OH)₂ or CuCO₃. Designed experiments confirmed that the fast depletion of chlorine in copper pipe was mainly due to effect of Cu₂O, CuO in corrosion scales on copper pipe. Although copper(II) and copper oxides showed effect on THMs formation, the rapid consumption of chlorine due to copper oxide made THM levels lower than that in glass bottles after 4 h. The transformations of CF, DCBM and CDBM to BF were accelerated in the presence of copper(II), cupric oxide and cuprous oxide. The effect of pH on THMs formation was influenced by effect of pH on corrosion of copper pipe. When pH was below 7, THMs levels in copper pipe was higher as compared to glass bottle, but lower when pH was above 7.     

转鼓式内电解装置处理水中酸性橙Ⅱ染料

设计制作了转鼓式内电解反应装置,将铁屑与活性炭按体积比为1:1混匀后装填在转鼓内,对偶氮染料酸性橙Ⅱ(AOⅡ)进行降解实验,考察了溶液pH、转鼓转速和溶液浓度对AOⅡ降解过程的影响.结果表明,AOⅡ降解过程符合准一级动力学方程,酸性条件有利于AOⅡ的降解,转鼓转速过快和溶液浓度过高则不利于AOⅡ的降解.解决了铁炭床长时间运行板结结块的问题.AOⅡ分子在转鼓式内电解的作用下,其可见光和紫外光区的特征吸收峰逐渐降低直至消失,并新生成更容易生物降解的对氨基苯磺酸盐.     

铜均相和非均相催化氯化消毒反应研究

在不同的入水pH值条件下,考察了铜离子存在时的均相情况和铜氧化物存在时的非均相情况下,水中余氯的分解和消毒副产物的生成规律.结果表明,与不含铜的情况相比,铜的存在,无论是均相还是非均相,对余氯的分解均有促进作用.不同的pH值条件下,铜均相和非均相对挥发性氯化消毒副产物三卤甲烷(THMs)的生成和非挥发性氯化消毒副产物二氯乙酸(DCAA)和三氯乙酸(TCAA)生成的影响不同,这主要是由于pH值影响了水中可溶性铜离子的浓度造成的.随着pH值的升高,在铜均相和非均相催化下,水中可溶性铜离子的浓度均降低.可溶性铜离子的浓度会影响水中消毒副产物的生成.对于挥发性氯化消毒副产物THMs来说,当铜离子浓度小于2.5 mg·L-1时,随着铜离子浓度增加,对THMs生成的促进作用加强;当铜离子浓度大于2.5 mg·L-1后,对THMs生成的促进作用减弱;对于非挥发性氯化消毒副产物DCAA和TCAA,随着铜离子浓度增加,DCAA的生成量逐渐增加,TCAA的生成量逐渐减少.     

我国城镇可持续发展的水资源问题与对策

本文简述了我国水资源的现状,指出水短缺和水污染是制约我国城镇可持续发展的两个主要问题,并探讨了解决问题的对策强调工农业及城市用水的节水,实施污水回用和海水利用等方法开发新水源,进行科学的水资源管理.     

Fenton催化氧化降解藻毒素MCLR的效能研究

研究了Fenton试剂对饮用水中藻毒素MCLR的降解效能,考察了H2O2用量、Fe2+H2O2最佳摩尔比、pH值和反应时间对Fenton降解藻毒素的影响,得到Fenton降解藻毒素的最佳反应条件:H2O2浓度为0.24mol·L-1、Fe2+H2O2摩尔比1∶9、初始pH值为2～3.5、反应时间为45min.同时采用邻二氮菲Fe(Ⅱ)光度法检测Fenton反应中生成的羟基自由基,从而很好地阐明了Fenton催化氧化降解藻毒素的强氧化作用机制.高效液相色谱分析发现,作用机制可能是Fenton催化氧化藻毒素,生成某种相对稳定的中间产物,然后异构化Adda基团的共轭双键,使Adda基团的结构发生变化,从而降低其毒性.     

铁锰复合氧化物同时吸附锑镉性能研究

以五价锑（Sb（V））和镉（Cd²⁺）为对象,考察了二者单独存在和共存体系下铁锰复合氧化物（FMBO）对其吸附性能,探讨了Sb（V）（或Cd²⁺）的吸附对Cd²⁺（或Sb（V））吸附的影响.研究发现,单独存在体系下Sb（V）和Cd²⁺的吸附常数K_F分别为0.48和1.13 L·mg^-1,而共存体系下则分别提高至1.88和1.51 L·mg^-1;Elovich动力学模型可较好地描述共存条件下Cd²⁺与Sb（V）在FMBO表面的吸附,表明该体系的吸附为多层吸附且为非均相扩散过程;吸附48 h后Sb（V）和Cd²⁺的最大吸附量分别达到0.32和1.43 mmol·g^-1;Sb（V）在偏酸性而Cd²⁺在偏碱性pH范围具有较好的吸附效果.Sb（V）（或Cd²⁺）通过改变FMBO表面ζ电位和反应平衡pH等机制影响Cd²⁺（或Sb（V））的吸附.此外,XPS和吸附后水相铁锰浓度结果显示,Cd²⁺可能与FMBO体相中Mn²⁺进行晶格置换并促进Mn²⁺的溶出,进而促进了Sb（V）的吸附.     

生物滴滤塔净化含低浓度苯乙烯废气的研究

利用菌丝体热解炭作为填料,采用两座相同实验室规模的生物滴滤塔,分别填装热解炭-木屑混合填料和木屑单一填料,并联操作,进行微生物净化含苯乙烯废气的实验,研究并对比了两座生物滴滤塔的净化性能.结果表明,由于热解炭具有比表面积大、孔隙率高等特点,热解炭-木屑混合作为生物滴滤塔填料,比单一的木屑填料挂膜速度快,净化效果好,停运恢复能力强.适宜操作条件为:入口气体浓度50～ 450mg·m-3,停留时间21.6～43.2 s,气液比110.7 ～55.3,净化效率92％ ～ 100％,最大去除负荷可达153.1 g·m-3· h-1.整个实验过程中,系统的压降始终维持在0～255 Pa,动力消耗小.研究发现,循环液中氨氮(NH4+-N)浓度只需能够保证微生物正常的生命活动即可,不宜过量或不足.生物滴滤塔循环液的紫外吸光度(UV254)与苯乙烯去除率具有一定的相关性,可通过测定循环液UV254,了解生物滴滤塔的运行状况.     

Selection of water source for water transfer based on algal growth potential to prevent algal blooms

Water transfer is becoming a popular method for solving the problems of water quality deterioration and water level drawdown in lakes. However, the principle of choosing water sources for water transfer projects has mainly been based on the effects on water quality, which neglects the influence in the variation of phytoplankton community and the risk of algal blooms. In this study, algal growth potential (AGP) test was applied to predict changes in the phytoplankton community caused by water transfer projects. The feasibility of proposed water transfer sources (Baqing River and Jinsha River) was assessed through the changes in both water quality and phytoplankton community in Chenghai Lake, Southwest China. The results showed that the concentration of total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) in Chenghai Lake could be decreased to 0.52 mg/L and 0.02 mg/L respectively with the simulated water transfer source of Jinsha River. The algal cell density could be reduced by 60%, and the phytoplankton community would become relatively stable with the Jinsha River water transfer project, and the dominant species of Anabaena cylindrica evolved into Anabaenopsis arnoldii due to the species competition. However, the risk of algal blooms would be increased after the Baqing River water transfer project even with the improved water quality. Algae gained faster proliferation with the same dominant species in water transfer source. Therefore, water transfer projects should be assessed from not only the variation of water quality but also the risk of algal blooms.     

金融发展、环境质量对中国经济增长的影响研究

基于1996年-2015年省际面板数据,对金融发展、环境质量与经济增长之间的影响机理进行分析.计量结果显示出以下三个基本结论:第一,金融发展、环境质量均与经济增长之间存在显著的"倒U型"关系,即存在特定的门槛值,使得经济增长速度先上升后减缓;第二,中国金融发展与环境质量均能够有效的促进经济增长,但金融发展在不同地区存在区域差异性,其中东部地区的金融发展对经济增长的影响最强.此外,金融发展与环境质量之间存在相互促进和加强的关系.