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中国石化中原油田由于高压注水影响、盐岩层塑性流动、疏松砂岩油层大量出砂及固井、采油增产措施等原因,造成套管损坏。据统计,2006年事故井总口数为1352口,套管损坏井口数为747口,占事故井总口数的55.25%。油水井套管的严重损坏,破坏了注采井网,造成注采失衡,制约了增产增注措施的实施,使得已控制的储量重新损失掉,每年事故井200~300口左右,损失控制储量1700×10^4t以上;加大了层间矛盾和自然递减,增加了油田稳产难度,对套管损坏井的修复势在必行。 相似文献
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城市控制爆破工程的爆破事故和爆破公害研究 总被引:4,自引:5,他引:4
爆破事故和爆破公害是关于爆破工程中的安全问题 ,笔者对爆破事故中的早爆、拒爆和爆破公害中的爆破振动、爆破空气冲击波、爆破飞石进行了详细论述 ,分析了爆破事故及公害产生的原因 ,从而给出了相应的防止措施 ;进而依法采取了爆破安全管理可行办法 相似文献
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Tree barks were used as biomonitors to evaluate past atmospheric pollution within and around the industrial zones of Strasbourg (France) and Kehl (Germany) in the Rhine Valley. The here estimated residence time for trace metals, PCBs and PCDD/Fs in tree bark is >10 years. Thus, all pollution observed by tree bark biomonitoring can be older than 10 years. The PCB baseline concentration (sum of seven PCB indicators (Σ7PCBind)) determined on tree barks from a remote area in the Vosges mountains is 4 ng g−1 and corresponds to 0.36 × 10−3 ng toxic equivalent (TEQ) g−1 for the dioxin-like PCBs (DL-PCBs). The northern Rhine harbor suffered especially from steel plant, waste incinerator and thermal power plant emissions. The polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin and dibenzofuran (PCDD/Fs) concentrations analyzed in tree barks from this industrial area range between 392 and 1420 ng kg−1 dry-weight (dw) corresponding to 3.9 ng TEQPCDD/Fs kg−1 to 17.8 ng TEQPCDD/Fs kg−1, respectively. Highest PCDD/F values of 7.2 ng TEQ kg−1 to 17.8 ng TEQ kg−1 have been observed close to and at a distance of <2 km southwest of the chemical waste incinerator. However, very close to this incinerator lowest TEQ dioxin-like PCB (TEQDL-PCB) values of 0.006 ng TEQ g−1 have been found. On the other hand close to and southwest and northeast of the steel plant the values are comparatively higher and range between 0.011 ng TEQ g−1 and 0.026 ng TEQ g−1. However, even stronger Σ7PCBind enrichments have been observed at a few places in the city center of Kehl, where ΣDL-PCB values of up to 0.11 ng TEQ g−1 have been detected. These enrichments, however, are the result of ancient pollutions since recent long-term measurements at the same sites indicate that the atmospheric PCB concentrations are close to baseline. Emissions from an old landfill of waste and/or great fires might have been the reasons of these PCB enrichments. Other urban environments of the cities of Kehl and Strasbourg show significantly lower Σ7PCBind concentrations. They suffer especially from road and river traffic and have typically Σ7PCBind concentrations ranging from 11 ng g−1 to 29 ng g−1. The PCB concentration of 29 ng g−1 has been found in tree bark close to the railway station of Strasbourg. Nevertheless, the corresponding TEQDL-PCB are low and range between 0.2 × 10−3 ng TEQ g−1 and 7 × 10−3 ng TEQ g−1. Samples collected near road traffic are enriched in Fe, Sb, Sn and Pb. Cd enrichments were found close to almost all types of industries. Rural environments not far from industrial sites suffered from organic and inorganic pollution. In this case, TEQDL-PCB values may reach up to 58 × 10−3 ng TEQ g−1 and the corresponding V, Cr, Co, Ni, and Cd concentrations are comparatively high. 相似文献