我国10万t/d以下城市污水处理工艺

我国城市污水处理厂的规模绝大多数在10万t/d以下(含10万t/d),由于10万t/d以下的城市污水处理的工艺繁多,且各有利弊,选择何种工艺对城市污水进行处理,是建设项目的业主、设计单位和主管政府部门较难解决但又必须解决的问题.本文从城市污水处理厂的处理工艺入手,根据国家的城市污水处理及污染防治技术政策,对10万t/d以下城市污水处理工艺进行排序和优选,并给出城市污水处理厂建设及运营的主要技术经济指标,供城市污水处理厂建设的相关方参考.     

降雨促渗对地表径流污染物负荷影响模拟试验研究

建立模拟降雨装置,研究降雨条件下功能性材料与聚合物对降水土壤渗透性与地表径流污染负荷的影响.研究证实,沸石与PAM不仅能够促进降雨土壤水的入渗、延缓并减少地表径流,而且使土壤渗液和地表径流水质TSS、TN、TP、COD污染物负荷降低.以3 kg/hm2 PAM、3 kg PAM与7.5 t/hm2沸石、6 kg/hm2 PAM 3种方式处理,径流COD负荷为对照的39.12%～69.76%、26.14%～46.63%和20.60%～28.09%;TN、TP与TSS负荷较对照分别减少44.36%～96.47%、66.63%～98.99%、93.71%～99.62%和50.46%～98.40%、83.30%～99.31%、94.91%～99.72%和31.06%～77.23%、46.82%～86.22%、83.54%～95.33%.聚合物与功能性材料改良土壤是一种削减地表降雨径流非点源污染的有效手段.     

城市污水厂污泥高温好氧堆肥氮素转变行为研究

采用两段式高温好氧堆肥工艺 ,研究了污泥堆肥中氮素转变规律。研究表明 ,硝化作用受到温度和NH+ 4 N含量的影响显著。一次发酵中 ,堆料平均温度高于 4 0℃ ,硝化作用受到强烈抑制 ;二次发酵后期 ,由于NH+ 4 N浓度降低 ,故硝化过程减缓。不同调理剂及操作条件对氮素损失影响较大 ,利用腐熟堆肥作为调理剂可以减少氮素损失。适当降低堆料温度、增加初始含水率及适当减少初始挥发份含量等措施均可在一定程度上减少氮素损失     

Gas phase reactions of unsaturated esters with Cl atoms

Background, aim, and scope  

Acrylate and methacrylate esters are α,β-unsaturated esters that contain vinyl groups directly attached to the carbonyl carbon (CH₂=CHCOO– and CH₂=CCH₃COO–, respectively) and are widely used in the polymer plastic and resin production. Rate coefficients for Cl reactions for most of the unsaturated esters have not been previously determined, and a good understanding is needed of all the atmospheric oxidation processes of these compounds in order to determine lifetimes in the atmosphere and to evaluate the impact of these reactions on the formation of photo-oxidants and therefore on health and environment.     

O_3/BAF工艺系统中有机物生物降解数学模型

研究臭氧预氧化/曝气生物滤池（O3/BAF）联合工艺深度处理实际城市污水二级出水过程中,后续BAF系统中有机物的生物降解数学模型。以有机底物浓度、填料层高度两个基本变量为控制条件,研究BAF的总体运行常数和填料特性常数,得出BAF有机物生物降解动力学方程为（Se/S0）=exp（（-Kn/qSh0））。出水与进水COD浓度比值（Se/S0）的对数与反应器填料高度（h）之间可表达成一次函数关系。在不同的进水浓度（S0）下,根据ln（Se/S0）~h和关系式m=（K/qS0n）,得到方程ln（qm）=-nln（S0）＋lnK。BAF总体运行常数K和填料特性常数n分别为1.708和0.5063。该模型对BAF工艺有如下指导意义：可以根据设计流量、进水有机物浓度和出水浓度,初步确定BAF的尺寸（如横截面积、高度等）。     

Ni／Fe／Al2O3·PVDF催化还原剂的表征及制备过程优化

在PVDF基体改性的基础上,采用浸渍法制备出Ni／Fe／Al2O3PVDF催化还原剂。通过对一氯乙酸的脱氯效果研究,对交联液配比及交联时间、不同浓度硫酸镍浸渍时间、镍铁比等因素进行优化,实验优化结果表明,Ni／Fe／Al2O3PVDF催化还原剂对一氯乙酸脱氯60min脱氯率达到64％。经SEM表征,制备出的双金属在膜载体表面及断面分布均匀,呈球状和片状结构且双金属未发生团聚。     

Dechlorane plus and possible degradation products in white stork eggs from Spain

The occurrence of the emerging chlorinated flame retardant Dechlorane Plus (DP) and three of its possible degradation products was investigated in white stork eggs from two colonies in Spain. The average DP concentrations were 401 pg/g wet weight (w.w.) for the urban/industrial colony and 105 pg/g w.w. for the rural colony. One possible degradation product, anti-[DP-1Cl], was found in approximately 10% of the samples. No significant stereoisomer enrichments were detected in any colony based on the average anti-DP fractional abundances found which agrees with previous studies in herring gulls. The relationship between DP and PBDE contents in both colonies was explored leading to different scenarios, i.e. no correlation was found in the urban colony but they were statistically correlated in the rural colony. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to report DP in a species from a terrestrial food web, and also to report a DP degradation product in biota.     

Fertilizer residence time affects nitrogen uptake efficiency and growth of sweet corn

Understanding plant N uptake dynamics is critical for increasing fertilizer N uptake efficiency (FUE) and minimize the risk of N leaching. The objective of this research was to determine the effect of residence time of N fertilizer on N uptake and FUE of sweet corn. Plants were grown in 25 L columns during the fall and spring to mimic short-term N uptake dynamics. Nitrogen was applied either 1, 3, or 7 d before a weekly leaching event, using KNO3 solution (total of 393 kg N ha(-1)). Residence times (tR) were tR-1, tR-3, and tR-7 d before weekly removal of residual soil N. Plant N uptake was calculated by comparing weekly N recovery from planted with non-planted columns. During the fall, N uptake values at 70 d after emergence were 59, 73, and 126 kg N ha(-1). During the spring, corresponding values were 54, 108, and 159 kg N ha(-1). A linear response of plant growth and yield to the tR was observed under cooler conditions, whereas a quadratic response occurred under warmer conditions. There was correlation between root length density and yield. It is concluded that increasing N fertilizer residence time, which is indicative of better irrigation practices, enhanced overall sweet corn growth, yield, N uptake, and FUE, consequently reduced the risk of N being leached below the root zone before complete N uptake.