The Trifinio Region: a case study of transboundary forest change in Central America

Strategic planning to increase forest cover in Central American transboundary areas of the Mesoamerican Biological Corridor requires understanding land-cover and land-use change trends and drivers. We estimated forest cover change from remotely sensed land-cover and land-use classifications from 1986, 2001, and 2010, in the tri-national Trifinio Region, bordering El Salvador, Guatemala, and Honduras. Our analysis spanned subnational, national, regional, and protected border areas. We determined correlations with direct drivers of deforestation, developing a multilevel linear regression model. Higher population density significantly correlated with deforestation; coffee, agroforestry, and pasture replaced forests. The tri-national park retained forests compared to neighboring areas, but additionality requires more research. The literature on drivers suggests similar processes and factors in other tropical regions. Forest cover governance efficacy is highly variable. Results indicate relationship between governance and forest cover though more comprehensive understanding of this complex region is needed to determine their causality.     

Cysteine-enhanced reductive degradation of nitrobenzene using nano-sized zero-valent iron by accelerated electron transfer

As an aliphatic amino acid, cysteine (CYS) is diffuse in the living cells of plants and animals. However, little is known of its role in the reactivity of nano-sized zero-valent iron (NZVI) in the degradation of pollutants. This study shows that the introduction of CYS to the NZVI system can help improve the efficiency of reduction, with 30% more efficient degradation and a reaction rate constant nine times higher when nitrobenzene (NB) is used as probe compound. The rates of degradation of NB were positively correlated with the range of concentrations of CYS from 0 to 10 mmol/L. The introduction of CYS increased the maximum concentration of Fe(III) by 12 times and that of Fe(II) by four times in this system. A comparison of systems featuring only CYS or Fe(II) showed that the direct reduction of NB was not the main factor influencing its CYS-stimulated removal. The reduction in the concentration of CYS was accompanied by the generation of cystine (CY, the oxidized form of cysteine), and both eventually became stable. The introduction of CY also enhanced NB degradation due to NZVI, accompanied by the regeneration of CYS. This supports the claim that CYS can accelerate electron transfer from NZVI to NB, thus enhancing the efficiency of degradation of NB.     

基于DEM的太湖流域水文特征提取

文章选取太湖流域作为研究对象,采用1：25万中比例尺DEM作为基础数据,应用ESRI公司开发的ArcGIS地理信息系统软件进行流域水文特征提取,得到了研究区域水流流向、汇流栅格生成、河网水系、子流域边界等流域特征信息,经与标准河流水系特征对照,认为基于DEM提取的太湖流域水文特征信息是合理的,可作为基础信息,为太湖流域生态环境治理实践及理论研究提供数据支撑。     

忻州市环境空气PM10和TSP中水溶性阴离子特征分析

利用中流量采样器收集忻州市采暖季和非采暖季4个监测点位的PM10和TSP样品,通过离子色谱法测定SO2-4、NO-3和Cl-的质量浓度,并以此3种水溶性阴离子的时空分布、相关性参数和特征比值来探讨其在环境空气中的污染特征和来源.结果表明,采暖季PM10和TSP中3种水溶性阴离子的总质量浓度分别为14.24μg·m-3和21.97μg·m-3,明显高于非采暖季(分别为8.56μg·m-3和11.84μg·m-3).采暖季和非采暖季3种水溶性阴离子总质量在PM10中所占比例分别为15.70%和13.19%,在TSP中所占比例分别为12.16%和8.84%,离子主要富集在PM10中.采暖季4个采样点位3种阴离子的质量浓度均高于非采暖季,采样点位DC的阴离子质量浓度高于其它点位,时空差异明显.采暖季NO-3与SO2-4相关性显著,说明二者形成过程的控制因子相同;非采暖季Cl-与SO2-4、NO-3的相关性显著,说明三者具有共同来源.NO-3/SO2-4比值在0.31~1.41之内,相对较高,暗示机动车尾气对空气颗粒物的影响突出,但均值都小于1,表明空气污染来源仍以燃煤等固定源排放为主.总体而言,忻州市水溶性阴离子的污染属于机动车尾气和燃煤的复合型污染.     

石化企业重要环境因素识别评价方法探讨

介绍了石化企业进行环境因素识别评价的常规步骤,并总结了一些适用的识别评价方法,还对应用这些方法的注意事项进行了讨论.     

PM2.5对小鼠和H9C2细胞心肌肥大相关因子mRNA表达的影响

用采自太原市4个不同季节的细颗粒物(PM_(2.5))对小鼠心肌细胞H9C2进行染毒后,采用荧光定量PCR技术检测心肌肥大相关因子ANP和TGF-β的mRNA水平.采用浓度分别为0、1、3、10μg·mL~(-1)的冬季PM_(2.5)处理H9C2细胞后,检测心肌肥大相关因子ANP、β-MHC、MMP2和MMP9的mRNA水平.之后分别选取4周龄、4月龄、10月龄C57BL/6雌性小鼠作为实验模型,采用咽后壁滴注的方法用3 mg·kg~(-1) PM_(2.5)暴露4周.采用苏木素-伊红染色(HE)对小鼠心脏组织病理切片进行观察,并检测ANP和β-MHC的mRNA水平.结果发现,与对照组相比,冬季PM_(2.5)诱导H9C2细胞中ANP和TGF-β的mRNA水平升高最为显著;其中,当冬季PM_(2.5)染毒浓度较高时可诱导ANP、β-MHC、MMP2和MMP9的mRNA水平均显著升高.经PM_(2.5)暴露4周后,幼年和老年小鼠心肌细胞核质比显著降低.老年小鼠心脏组织中ANP和β-MHC的mRNA表达水平显著上升.实验表明,冬季PM_(2.5)诱导心肌肥大标志物表达改变的效应要强于其他季节,且有一定的剂量效应关系,而老年小鼠对PM_(2.5)诱导的心肌肥大效应最为敏感.     

Freeliving marine nematodes as a pollution indicator of the Bohai Sea

A hierarchical diversity index-taxonomic distinctness index Δ , which was first defined by Warwick and Clark in 1998, was　employed to evaluate the pollution status of the Bohal Sea with freeliving marine nematodes. The result showed that the Bohal Bay and other　coastal sampling sites might be affected by oil and gas production and other anthropogenic influences. In other words, anthropogenic disturbance　was affecting this component of the benthos in these locations. And most offshore sampling sites in the middle of the Bohai Sea were clear and　unpolluted.     

基于P3-T3方法的飞机LTO阶段氮氧化物排放量计算与分析

飞机起飞着陆循环(LTO)阶段包含高推力的起飞和爬升阶段,具有排放强度高、排放特性不稳定的特点.同时,该阶段飞行高度低,尾气排放会直接影响机场周边人群.因此,本文依据机载快速存取记录器(QAR)数据中的低压转子转速等特征参数,对LTO进行精确的阶段划分.同时,建立发动机排放特性参数与推力关系模型,并使用P_3-T_3方法对国际民航组织公布的发动机各阶段排放指数进行修正,最终计算GE90-115B发动机某次LTO阶段的实际氮氧化物排放量.结果表明,该方法与国际民航组织推荐的标准LTO估算方法相比,总量相差约40%,与原有的BM2方法相比也存在一定差异.分析认为,这种依据QAR实际飞行数据并结合发动机排放特性参数的发动机排放量计算方法,可以更加真实地反映发动机性能对排放特性的影响,可很好地适用于具体航班氮氧化物排放量的精确估算,为近地面飞机排放评估乃至机场排放清单的编制提供更加准确的依据.     

Preface

Anthropogenic emissions impact significantly the atmospheric environment which human being relies on, e.g., global warming, stratospheric ozone depletion, photochemical smog, acid rain, haze and so on. Although clean air actions have been legislated by many nations to mitigate pollutants＇ emission with the aim of protecting the atmospheric environment, serious air pollution events are frequently observed in different regions, especially in developing countries. To best evaluate the effect of various control measures as well as the influence of various pollutants on the atmospheric environment, the levels, sources and sinks of the pollutants are needed to be comprehensively investigated. Since atmospheric environment involves multidisciplinary approach, scientists with different disciplines together can provide profound understandings about the atmospheric environmental problems. Sino-French Workshop on Atmospheric Environment is just one of such platforms to join scientists together for collaboration, exchange of experience and ideas.     

吸附法回收化工储运过程溢出气的实践与探索

分析了现有单级活性炭变温吸附回收技术使用现状,同时对目前创新发展的多级活性炭变温吸附回收技术进行了可行性分析,结果表明:在化工储运生产过程中,采用多级活性炭吸附、蒸汽脱附、常温冷却水冷凝技术回收化工储运过程溢出气比较彻底、安全.