MODELKEY

The EU Water Framework Directive (WFD) requires the achievement of good ecological and chemical status in European river basins. However, evidence is increasing that a majority of European water bodies will not achieve this goal. Nutrient emissions and related eutrophication together with hydromorphological alterations have been suggested as the major driving forces of this insufficient ecological status. MODELKEY (511237 GOCE, FP6) provides strong evidence that toxic chemicals also affect the ecological status of European rivers. This was demonstrated in the case study rivers Elbe, Scheldt and Llobregat on different scales. This paper summarises key findings of MODELKEY including recommendations for WFD implementation. We ? provide evidence of toxic stress in aquatic ecosystems, ? provide evidence that impairment of ecological status results from impact of multiple stressors, ? suggest a tiered approach to assess impact of chemicals on ecological status, ? suggest a new approach for deriving candidate compounds for monitoring and prioritisation, ? call for consideration of bioavailability and bioaccumulation in chemical status assessments, ? suggest improvements for WFD water quality monitoring programmes, ? provide new integrated tools for basin-scale risk assessment and decision making, ? developed a Decision Support System to support river basin management. These key results will be presented in a series of ten integrated sections; for the scientific details please refer to publications listed on the MODELKEY website (http://www.modelkey.org/). This article also looks beyond MODELKEY and proposes a combination of MODELKEY diagnostic tools with recent ecological methods to further improve effectiveness of river basin management.     

Differential activity of non-fluorinated and fluorinated analogues of the European corn borer pheromone

Summary.  The differing antagonist activity of (Z)-13-hexadecen-2-one (Z11 – 14 :MK, 1) and its 1,1,1-trifluoro derivative (Z11 –14 :TFMK, 2), two closely related analogues of the European corn borer pheromone Ostrinia nubilalis (Z strain), and their rationale is reported. Both chemicals exhibited some electrophysiological activity, and topical application of 10 pg of pheromone analogue on male antennae was sufficient to induce significantly lower depolarization responses to the pheromone versus untreated insects. In a wind tunnel, the number of European corn borer males attracted to sources containing mixtures of 1 + pheromone in ratios ≥ 1 :1 was significantly lower than the number attracted to a source containing pheromone alone. Source contact behaviour was dramatically impaired when the 1 + pheromone blend reached a ratio of 10 :1, in which only 2% of males displayed source contact in the presence of antagonist. When compound 1 was present at the source, males usually flew upwind with occasional downwind reversals; when compound 2 was present at the lure, males performed wider crosswind reversals, with little progress toward the source. In the field, traps baited with mixtures of both compounds with the pheromone in ratios of 5 :1 and 10 :1 elicited a significantly decreased number of male catches. In esterase inhibition assays, compound 2 was a potent inhibitor (IC₅₀ = 70 nM), whereas the non-fluorinated compound 1 was not. The different activity of both compounds is presumed to be due to different mechanisms of action; considerations for using methyl ketone analogues as new behavioural antagonists of the pheromone are outlined.     

市售绿茶自混合水溶液中吸附除去铬（Ⅵ）的研究

本文探讨了国产茶叶（市售云南产绿茶）的结构、成份和溶解，以及在不同浓度、时间、ｐＨ、温度的条件下，自混合溶液中大量吸附铬（Ⅵ）的特性。结果表明，浸泡过的茶叶对Ｃｒ（Ⅵ）的吸附率略低于未泡茶样，在一定条件下，Ｃｒ（Ⅵ）的吸附量可达到４．９６ｍｇ／ｇ。我们建议在这复杂体系中，用离子交换吸附过程形成表面配合物，以及发生化学作用的综合吸附机理来解释。     

汉江下游农村区域经济发展方向

江汉下游农村经济区在湖北省中部，经济区位居中处优，在湖北省农村经济活动中具有举足轻重的地位，该区乡镇企业较发达，特别是天门、仙桃、潜江三市尤为突出。当前我国正处于向社会市场经济转轨初期，全省处于如何实现国民经济和社会发展“九五”计划和２０１０年远景目标建议重要开端时期，为了阐明本区在“转轨”和“实现建议”时期的作用，就今后的发展方向等问题作了初步探讨，并进一步提出相应对策措施。     

灾害损失组合年景研究

根据陕西解放以来的灾害损失资料，将各种灾害造成的成灾面积、人口死亡、房屋倒塌和水、旱、风雹、病虫害、霜冻以及其它灾害造成的农田成灾面积分成４和５个档次，用人工神经网络方法进行聚类，可分成５个不同的灾害损失组合年，其代表了不同损失特点，有助于对各年定量评价灾害年景。分析这些不同损失组合类型的降水特征，可通过对降水的预报来预测可能出现的灾害组合，从而为重点防御某种或某几种灾害损失指明方向。     

论如何提高高职学生学习英语的能力

英语在快速发展的国际社会中变得越来越重要，但是我国高职院校的学生普遍对英语学习缺乏兴趣。充分利用教材进行学法指导，培养学生学习英语的兴趣，养成学生制定计划、课前自学、专心上课、勤记笔记、及时复习、反复练习的良好学习习惯，引导学生学好英语成为英语老师当前的紧迫任务，使学生掌握实际用语和提高学生的口语是我们的教学目标。     

Ecotoxicological evaluation of pig slurry

Swine sewage could be source of nutrients and pollutants. This work estimates the environmental risk in nine samples from different farm treatment systems based on the evaluation of their effects in Daphnia magna acute test, and on the assessment of Cu, Zn and ammonia as main contributors. NH3 and Cu were responsible for LC50 results (1-5% of dilution). Organic compounds were quantified through several extraction methods (SPMDs, SPE and solvent extraction). A more exhaustive extraction was performed in an additional sample, which showed indole and phenol recoveries much higher than the previous ones. This method also includes PCBs (430 ppb) and fatty acids (approximately =150 ppm) quantification.     

热脱附／毛细管气相色谱／质谱法测定车内空气中挥发性有机物

建立了热脱附／毛细管气相色谱／质谱联用测定车内空气中苯、甲苯、乙酸丁酯、乙苯、对／间二甲苯、苯乙烯、邻二甲苯、十一烷和对二氯苯等挥发性有机物采样、分析方法。十种挥发性有机物在一定浓度范围内工作曲线线性良好,相关系数均在0．9970～0．9998之间。检出限在0．2～1．2μg/m^3。用该法检测了某汽车企业生产的轿车内的空气,取得满意结果,表明本方法具有一定的实用性、推广性。     

一种通过事件调查测量企业安全管理体系绩效的方法

介绍了意大利皮埃蒙特地区环保署所采用的安全管理体系绩效测量方法,该方法将事件调查和绩效指示参数关联,可以对体系绩效进行测量,并能找出体系要素需要改进的方向或措施。     

浅析化学品分类及分类目录的建立

介绍了目前国际上存在的分类体系,阐述了我国化学品分类现状,评估了我国现行危险化学品名录的分类标准与GHS要求上的差异,通过研究欧盟、日本等发达国家的目录编制情况,指出目录的编制对我国实施GHS的必要性。