Impacts of land use,restoration, and climate change on tropical peat carbon stocks in the twenty-first century: implications for climate mitigation

The climate mitigation potential of tropical peatlands has gained increased attention as Southeast Asian peatlands are being deforested, drained and burned at very high rates, causing globally significant carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions to the atmosphere. We used a process-based dynamic tropical peatland model to explore peat carbon (C) dynamics of several management scenarios within the context of simulated twenty-first century climate change. Simulations of all scenarios with land use, including restoration, indicated net C losses over the twenty-first century ranging from 10 to 100 % of pre-disturbance values. Fire can be the dominant C-loss pathway, particularly in the drier climate scenario we tested. Simulated 100 years of oil palm (Elaeis guineensis) cultivation with an initial prescribed burn resulted in 2400–3000 Mg CO₂?ha^?1 total emissions. Simulated restoration following one 25-year oil palm rotation reduced total emissions to 440–1200 Mg CO₂?ha^?1, depending on climate. These results suggest that even under a very optimistic scenario of hydrological and forest restoration and the wettest climate regime, only about one third of the peat C lost to the atmosphere from 25 years of oil palm cultivation can be recovered in the following 75 years if the site is restored. Emissions from a simulated land degradation scenario were most sensitive to climate, with total emissions ranging from 230 to 10,600 Mg CO₂?ha^?1 over 100 years for the wettest and driest dry season scenarios, respectively. The large difference was driven by increased fire probability. Therefore, peat fire suppression is an effective management tool to maintain tropical peatland C stocks in the near term and should be a high priority for climate mitigation efforts. In total, we estimate emissions from current cleared peatlands and peatlands converted to oil palm in Southeast Asia to be 8.7 Gt CO₂ over 100 years with a moderate twenty-first century climate. These emissions could be minimized by effective fire suppression and hydrological restoration.     

烟花爆竹燃放对北京大气污染物和水溶性无机离子的影响

为了解春节期间烟花爆竹燃放对北京大气污染物和PM_2.5中水溶性无机离子贡献的影响,采用浓度特征对比、相关性分析等方法,对2011年2月1日-3月1日期间的PM₁₀、气态污染物、PM_2.5中水溶性无机离子浓度等在线数据进行了分析.结果表明:烟花爆竹的燃放会在短时间内加重PM₁₀颗粒物污染,集中燃放期（含除夕、春节、正月初五、元宵节）ρ（PM₁₀）和φ（SO₂）（分别为232μg/m3和40.2×10-9）是非集中燃放期（63μg/m3和16.0×10-9）的3.7和2.5倍,燃放烟花爆竹对ρ（PM₁₀）和φ（SO₂）的小时贡献率分别达到56.8%和35.6%;但对φ（CO）、φ（NO）、φ（NO₂）无显著影响.而观测期间由其他因素导致的污染期ρ（PM₁₀）和各气态污染物小时体积分数有所增加,分别是非集中燃放期的3.0~8.3倍.燃放烟花爆竹对PM_2.5中ρ（Mg2+）、ρ（K+）、ρ（Cl-）的影响最大,分别为非集中燃放期的65.0、31.6、6.9倍,贡献率分别为88.6%、87.2%、65.8%. ρ（Mg2+）、ρ（K+）与ρ（Cl-）在集中燃放期表现出较高的相关性（R>0.9）.污染期ρ（SO₄2-）、ρ（NO₃-）、ρ（NH₄+）明显升高,分别为非集中燃放期的3.8、16.4、8.3倍,同时高于集中燃放期（分别为2.7、2.5、2.1倍）.集中燃放期PM_2.5中主要以NH₄HSO₄、NH₄NO₃、KNO₃、KCl、NH₄Cl、MgCl₂等形式存在.集中燃放期硫氧化物转化率（SOR）高于非集中燃放期和污染期,而氮氧化物转化率（NOR）则是污染期最高.研究显示,燃放烟花爆竹对ρ（PM₁₀）及PM_2.5中ρ（Mg2+）、ρ（K+）、ρ（Cl-）影响最大,污染期各离子浓度均有大幅升高,NOR在污染期的高值是导致ρ（NO₃-）升高的重要原因.      

基于权重因子模型的建筑荷载作用下地面沉降危险性评价

针对于城市化进程中建筑荷载引发地面沉降的问题,以天津市局部地区为例,应用权重因子模型对其危险性进行了分析和评价。文中根据该区域的建筑物密集程度、建筑的结构和基础形式、土壤物理性质、水文地质条件等基础数据,应用GIS空间分析的方法分别提取了建筑容积率、土壤竖向应力、压缩层厚度、土壤压缩模量、地下水埋深、地下水渗透性六个诱发因子,经过条件独立性测试,将相互独立的因子组合成六种形式,然后,通过统计对比每个因子的权重值进行叠加分析,绘制了危险性分布图,从而进行地面沉降的危险性评价,最后,评价结果通过受试者工作特征曲线(ROC)验证,表明在使用全部因子进行危险性评价的情况下,分析精确度能够达到85.15%,在使用其他因子组合的情况下,分析精度均超过70%,说明这种评价方法具有较高的准确性和适用性。     

A comparative investigation of NdSrCu_(1-x)Co_xO_(4-δ) and Sm_(1.8)Ce_(0.2)CU_(1-x)Co_xO_(4-δ) (x: 0-0.4) for NO decomposition

A series of single-phase T-structured NdSrCu_(1-x)Co_xO_(4-δ) with oxygen vacancies and T'-structured Sm_(1.8)Ce_(0.2)Cu_(1-x)Co_xO_(4-δ) (x:0-0.4) with oxygen excess were prepared using ultrasound-assisted citric acid complexing method, and characterized by means of techniques such as thermogravimetric analysis and NO temperature-progranuned desorption (NO-TPD). The catalytic activities of these materials were evaluated for the decomposition of NO. It was found that the NdSrCut_xCoxO4_b catalysts were of oxygen vacancies whereas the Sm_(1.8)Ce_(0.2)CU_(1-x)Co_xO_(4-δ) ones possessed excessive oxygen (i.e., over-stoichiometric oxygen); with a rise in Co doping level,the oxygen vacancy density of NdSrCu_(1-x)Co_xO_(4-δ) decreased while the over-stoichiometric oxygen amount of Sm_(1.8)Ce_(0.2)CU_(1-x)Co_xO_(4-δ)increased. The NO-TPD results revealed that NO could be activated much easier over the oxygen-deficient perovskite-like oxides than over the oxygen-excessive perovskite-like oxides, with the NdSrCuO_(3.702) catalyst showing the best efficiency in activating NO molecules. Under the conditions of 1.0% NO/helium, 2800 hr~(-1), and 600-900℃, the catalytic activity of NO decomposition followed the order of NdSrCuO_(3.702)> NdSrCu_(0.8)Co_(0.2)O_(3.736) > NdSrCu_(0.6)Co_(0.4)O_(3.789) > Sm_(1.8)Ce_(0.2)Cu_(0.6)Co_(0.4)O_(4.187)> Sm_(1.8)Ce_(0.2)Cu_(0.8)Co_(0.2)O_(4.104)> Sm_(1.8)Ce_(0.2)CuO_(4.045), in concord with the sequence of decreasing oxygen vacancy or oxygen excess density. Based on the results, we concluded that the higher oxygen vacancy density and the stronger Cu~(3+)/Cu~(2+) redox ability of NdSrCu_(1-x)Co_xO_(4-δ) account for the easier activation of NO and consequently improve the catalytic activity of NO decomposition over the catalysts.     

Impact factors of the degradation of bisphenol A by nitrocellulose membrane under illumination

Nitrocellulose membrane (NCM) can produce hydroxyl radicals under illumination, which promotes the oxidative degradation of organic pollutants. In this paper, NCM was used to oxidize bisphenol A (BPA) under simulated sunlight. The effects of pH, temperature, light intensity, anion and cation on the degradation of BPA were analyzed. The photodegradation process of BPA was discussed. The optimal photolysis rate was 0.031 min^?1 when the temperature was 30°C, the light intensity was 2.67 × 10⁴ Lux, and the pH value was 9.0. The alkaline environment, temperature and light intensity can promote the photodegradation of BPA. Except for nitrate ions, anions and cations can inhibit the photodegradation of BPA. Compared with cations, anions have a greater inhibitory effect on BPA degradation. The degradation products of BPA by NCM were analyzed by gas chromatographic/mass. This study may provide useful information for the BPA degradation by NCM in complex water samples.     

二级出水中溶解性有机物亲疏水性对超滤膜污染的影响

利用相对分子质量分布、三维荧光光谱仪及红外光谱仪等方法研究了城市污水二级出水中溶解性有机物亲疏水性对超滤膜污染的影响。结果表明:城市污水二级出水中疏水性酸占42.8%,过渡亲水性酸占19.1%,亲水性有机物占38.1%;水中疏水性酸、过渡亲水性酸和亲水性有机物分别使膜通量减小32.8%、29.9%和18.6%,膜阻力增大106.6%、92.2%和58.6%;过渡亲水性酸为蛋白质类,相对分子质量主要在4000~30000 Da;亲水性有机物为脂肪类,主要集中在6 000 Da以下;疏水性酸物质为腐殖酸类,主要集中在4 000 Da以下,其中疏水性酸物质更容易引起超滤膜污染。     

风沙土对放射性核素的吸附与解吸

研究了采自新疆的风沙土对不同放射性核素的吸附与解吸情况。结果表明,风沙土对137Cs的吸附一解吸滞后作用明显,而对帅Sr的吸附一解吸滞后作用极微;风沙土对239Pu和238U的平衡吸附量分别为22．54cpm／mg和19．27cpm／mg,粒径为45μm的风沙土能牢固地吸附239Pu和238U。     

Porous FeOx/BiVO4-δS0.08：Highly efficient photocatalysts for the degradation of Methylene Blue under visible-light illumination

Porous S-doped bismuth vanadate with an olive-like morphology and its supported iron oxide （y wt.% FeOx/BiVO4-δS0.08, y = 0.06, 0.76, and 1.40） photocatalysts were fabricated using the dodecylamine-assisted alcohol-hydrothermal and incipient wetness impregnation methods, respectively. It is shown that the y wt.% FeOx/BiVO4-δS0.08 photocatalysts contained a monoclinic scheetlite BiVO4 phase with a porous olive-like morphology, a surface area of 8.8-9.2 m^2/g, and a bandgap energy of 2.38-2.42 eV. There was co-presence of surface Bi^5＋, Bi^3＋, V^5＋, V^3＋, Fe^3＋, and Fe^2＋ species in y wt.% FeOx/BiVO4-δS0.08. The 1.40 wt.% FeOx/BiVO4-δS0.08 sample performed the best for Methylene Blue degradation under visible-light illumination. The photocatalytic mechanism was also discussed. We believe that the sulfur and FeOx co-doping, higher oxygen adspecies concentration, and lower baudgap energy were responsible for the excellent visible-light-driven catalytic activity of 1.40 wt.% FeOx/BiVO4-δS0.08.     

Polar organic tracers in PM2.5 aerosols from an inland background area in Southwest China: Correlations between secondary organic aerosol tracers and source apportionment

PM_(2.5) aerosol samples were collected over 12 hr and 24 hr intervals in an inland background area, Gongga Mountain National Nature Reserve(hereafter shortened to Gongga), during the summer of 2011. Polar organic tracers, inorganic ions and meteorological data were measured. The purpose of this work was to investigate the variation patterns, formation and sources of the secondary organic aerosol tracers in the studied atmosphere. The average concentrations of isoprene oxidation products, α-pinene oxidation products, β-caryophyllinic acid, sugars, sugar alcohols and anhydrosugars were 88.6 ± 106.1, 3.6 ± 5.7,0.13 ± 0.30, 13.6 ± 13.1, 31.9 ± 31.4 and 14.8 ± 10.7 ng/m3 respectively in all aerosol samples.The aged α-pinene second organic aerosol(SOA) tracers(i.e., 3-hydroxyglutraric acid(3 HGA), 3-hydroxy-2,2-dimethylglutaric acid(HDMGA), 3-acetylpentandioic acid(APDA) and 3-methyl-1,2,3-butanetricarboxylic acid(MBTCA)) correlated significantly with each other in the 24 hr PM2.5 aerosol samples, indicating that OH· is the major factor controlling the formation of these α-pinene SOA tracers. Using the positive matrix factorization(PMF) model and the tracer-based source apportionment method, we calculated that isoprene oxidation products, α-pinene oxidation products, sesquiterpene oxidation products, biomass burning, fungi spores and anthropogenic SOA accounted for 21.9% ± 5.5%, 8.4% ± 2.1%, 3.0% ± 0.7%, 5.2% ± 5.3%, 5.0% ± 6.2% and 31.4% ± 7.8% of organic carbon respectively during the sampling period.