碳酸铅作为铅酸蓄电池电极材料的研究

采用粉末微电极技术和循环伏安法研究了ＰｂＣＯ３转化为铅酸电池电极活性物质的途径以及几种因素对ＰｂＣＯ３转化的ＰｂＳＯ４／ＰＢ电极性能的影响。ＰｂＣＯ３粉末在Ｈ２ＳＯ４溶液中化学转化－电化学活化后,正、负极的伏这行为与文献报道的类似。结果表明,较高扫速活化的ＰｂＳＯ４／Ｐｂ电极性能稳定且活性较高;转化ＰｂＣＯ３的Ｈ２ＳＯ４浓度０．５￣１．０ｍｏｌ·Ｌ＾－１优于２．５￣５．０ｍｏｌ·Ｌ＾－１,３０℃附     

含氮农药的好氧生物降解性能及废水治理对策

从动力学角度出发,利用长期驯化的菌种,对乙草胺,阿特拉津,西草净,赛克津等４种含氮农药的好氧生物降解性能进行了研究,并对含氮农药废水提出了治理对策,结果表明,４种含氮农药的好氧生物降解性能都很差,均属于难生物降解有机物,降解过程均符合一级降解动力学模式,它们的生物降解速率常数分别为０．００３５３Ｌ（ｇ．ｈ）,０．００５７７Ｌ／（ｇ．ｈ）,０．００１６０Ｌ／（ｇ．ｈ）,０。０４５６Ｌ／（ｇ．ｈ）进一     

Population genetic structure of the neon damselfish (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Pomacentrus coelestis</Emphasis>) in the northwestern Pacific Ocean

The population genetic structure of the neon damselfish (Pomacentrus coelestis) in the northwestern Pacific Ocean was revealed by the hypervariable control region of the mitochondrial gene (343 bp). In total, 170 individuals were sampled from 8 localities distributed between Taiwan and Japan, and 71 haplotypes were obtained through sequence alignment. High haplotype diversity (h = 0.956 ± 0.008) with low nucleotide diversity (π = 0.010 ± 0.006) was observed, and the results of the mismatch distribution test suggested that a historical population expansion after a period of population bottleneck might have occurred among P. coelestis populations. Based on the results of the UPGMA tree and AMOVA (Φct = 0.193, P < 0.05) analyses, fish populations from eight localities could be divided into two groups: one includes populations from localities around mainland Japan, and the other includes those from Okinawa and southern Taiwan. A genetic break was found between populations from mainland Japan and Okinawa, and this break was congruent with the pattern of phenotypic variations documented in previous studies. This evidence supports the latitudinal variation of reproductive traits among P. coelestis populations likely being genetically based. It is suggested that the changes in sea level and sea surface temperatures during past glaciations might have resulted in population bottlenecks in P. coelestis and the modern populations in the northern West Pacific are likely the results of recolonization after such events. The Kuroshio Current acts not only as a vehicle for larval transport along its pathway (between populations in southern Taiwan and Okinawa) but also as a barrier for larval dispersal across the Kuroshio axis (between populations in mainland Japan and Okinawa). Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

Persistence and dissipation of synthetic pyrethroid pesticides in red soils from the Yangtze River Delta area

Laboratory incubation trials were conducted to investigate the effects of several factors on the persistence as well as the dissipation of three synthetic pyrethroid pesticides in red soils obtained from the Yangtze River Delta region in China. The pyrethroids selected for investigation were cypermethrin, fenvalerate, and deltamethrin, which continue to be used extensively to control pests on farmland in the region despite the concern that they are highly toxic to certain vertebrate and mammalian species. Data from this exploratory study showed that the dissipation half-lives (T _1/2) tended to correlate with soil pH and soil organic matter contents, but not with soil cation-exchange capacity. The T _1/2 values were seen to be shorter in soil samples fertilized with glucose than without. The rates of pyrethroid dissipation also tended to increase with increasing initial soil concentration, but were largely unaffected by whether the pesticides were present in the soil separately or as a mixture. Another noteworthy observation is that microbial activity appeared to dominate the degradation process. Findings of this type could offer valuable clues for future research directions in reducing pesticide persistence in soil, which in turn could lead to the ultimate reduction of environmental pollution caused by pyrethroid application to farmland in the region. Project supported by Chinese Academy of Sciences (Project No. KSCX2-YW-N-038) and the National Key Basic Research Support Foundation (973), China (No. 2002CB4108010).     

Sorption of 1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl) ethane (DDT) by clays and organoclays

This study focused on the sorption isotherms of 1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl) ethane (p,p'-DDT) and 1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl) ethylene (p,p'-DDE) on different original clays (i.e., zeolite, montmorillonite and attapulgite) and organoclay complexes. Sorption of organic pollutants was determined using gas chromatographic (GC) techniques to investigate the sorption behavior, and characterize the effect of, different organic cations. The original clays only sorbed low amounts of p,p'-DDT and p,p'-DDE, and the sorptive curves can be classified as L-shaped. Organoclays exhibited higher amounts of p,p'-DDT and p,p'-DDE sorption. The p,p'-DDT and p,p'-DDE sorption increased with increasing total organic carbon (OC) content of the organoclays. For hexadecyltrimethylammonium (HDTMA)-modified organoclays, the dominant adsorptive medium showed the partitioning sorption of hydrophobic-hydrophobic interaction, indicating no competitive sorption. The sorptive curves can be classified as C-shaped of constant partition (CP). However, benzyltrimethylammonium (BTMA)-modified organoclays exhibited competitive sorption. The sorption isotherm curves can be classified as S-shaped. The sorptive capacity of the HDTMA-modified organoclays for p,p'-DDT were higher than those for p,p'-DDE, but the BTMA-modified organoclays showed a reverse trend. This can be attributed to the different structures and shapes of organic cations, giving different sorptive mechanisms. The p,p'-DDT and p,p'-DDE sorption onto HDTMA-modified organoclays were caused by chemical interaction, with the BTMA modified organoclays occuring due to physical sorption.     

应急监测中样本有无放射性的讨论

利用统计学方法提出了如何在应急监测中判断样本有无放射性,并结合实际监测做出了具体应用。     

基于灰色-随机风险率方法的湖泊水质分析

湖泊水环境是一个受多种不确定性因素限制的复杂系统。以内蒙古乌梁素海为研究对象,应用水质超标灰色-随机风险率的计算方法和系统可靠性分析理论建立了单项参数评价模型和综合参数评价模型,分析湖泊入口断面水质存在的潜在风险性。结果表明:乌梁素海镉的Ⅴ类达标率仅为7.69%~23.89%,镉污染已经十分严重,硫化物和氰化物的Ⅲ类和Ⅴ类达标率都达到100%,所以几乎不受这两项指标的污染。该方法能较好地反映乌梁素海入口断面不同水质参数的污染强度和污染历时的变异过程,为湖泊水环境风险的决策和管理工作提供了参考依据。     

蜥蜴生态毒理学研究进展

蜥蜴是爬行动物的重要组成部分,开展蜥蜴的生态毒理学研究对爬行动物毒理学研究具有一定代表性。本文介绍了蜥蜴生态毒理学研究的重要性,系统回顾了前人对重金属以及有机污染物所开展的相关研究,以及近年来在模式动物筛选方法和标准试验方法的建立上取得的成就,并对未来的工作进行了展望。     

Enhancement of activated sludge performance on ammonium removal by clinoptilolite

This study evaluated the influence of clinoptilolite on the performance of activated sludge system shocked by high concentration of ammonium. The ammonium and chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal from the experimental reactor containing clinoptilolite and from the clinoptilolite-free control reactor was determined. The ammonium and COD removal was approximately 8 and 20% higher in the experimental reactor than in the control reactor, respectively. The removal increased with an increase in clinoptilolite concentration over the tested range up to 50?mg?L^?1. The presence of clinoptilolite resulted in the sludge flocs being more compacted with smoother surfaces and edges. Molecular biological analysis revealed that clinoptilolite increased the DNA diversity, richness, and evenness of sludge microbes. The enhanced-performance activated sludge previously treated with clinoptilolite was less influenced by the shock of ammonium than non-treated sludge in terms of the ammonium and COD removal. These results suggest that clinoptilolite enhanced the performance of activated sludge system in the removal of ammonium and COD. Amendment of activated sludge with natural zeolites may thus improve the efficiency of wastewater treatment.     

基于稳定同位素的天津市北塘排污河污染源解析研究

依据不同采样点污染物组分不同,分析各样品中氢、氧同位素组成比率,判断各采样点污染贡献率。研究以天津市北塘排污河为例,将其分为若干段,每一段作为一个箱式模型对流人和流出区段的溶解态氢、氧同位素比率进行检测,借助氢、氧同位素成分比率图求算各区段的污染贡献率,同时判断是否有新污染源增加,研究表明北塘排污河下游中心桥闸处污染贡献率最高,达到污染总量的70％,另外发现2个污染未知源,分别位于北塘排污河中游检测点和山岭子问、山岭子与永和闸间。