高尔夫球场土壤和水中毒死蜱农药残留的测定

介绍了土壤和水样中毒死蜱农药残留的测定方法 ,并应用该方法调查了某地高尔夫球场使用毒死蜱农药后对周围土壤和地表水的污染影响。测定结果表明 ,在调查区范围内 ,地表水中毒死蜱农药的浓度小于 0 .4μg/L。参照国外有关标准 ,它低于美国健康与福利部 (MHW)制定的高尔夫球场饮用水中允许的残留值 (毒死蜱 :4μg/L )。     

嗅觉标准液的人群测试

嗅觉标准液是可使人的嗅觉阈值测试标准化,科学化,数量化,应用嗅觉标准液对人群的嗅觉阈值测试,可以了解我国人群嗅觉状及特点,以便应用标准液筛选嗅觉试验员和鼻科临床无创伤检验等方面。     

秸秆覆盖对旱地红壤水分动态变化的影响

在中国科学院红壤生态实验站的猕猴桃园上进行秸秆覆盖改进方法的试验．结果表明,旱地红壤覆盖秸秆后再覆±5-10cm,与原来单纯覆盖秸秆相比,在干旱季节表层土壤水分含量可增加1．5％,凋萎含水量出现几率减少8％,抗旱效果大大增强,是一种值得推广的防旱措施．另外,与对照相比,深翻0．8m对改善土壤水分状况也有明显效果．不同覆盖物的试验结果表明,覆盖草本植物残体,在改善表层土壤水分状况、提高作物产量上的效果优于覆盖秸秆植物残体,建议在应用诸如玉米等稿秆作物的秸秆进行覆盖时应进行切碎处理并适当配施无机肥料．     

Distribution and migration of 95Zr in a tea plant/soil system

(95)Zr is a primary radionuclide in the radioactive liquid efflux from a pressurized water reactor and one of the main radionuclides released after nuclear accidents. The fission yield of (95)Zr is as high as 6.2%, however, its environmental behavior has not been well documented. An experiment was conducted to evaluate the accumulation and distribution of (95)Zr in a tea plant/soil system. (95)Zr was accumulated primarily in the trunk of tea plants after being taken up from the soil. The radioactivity concentration of (95)Zr in the trunk increased slowly with time, then it reached a dynamic equilibrium 14 days after application. The radioactivity concentration of (95)Zr in the other parts of the tea plant was very low; only slighter greater than the detection limit. The results indicated that (95)Zr was not readily translocated in the tea plant. About 98.9% of applied (95)Zr was found to concentrate in the upper 5 cm layer after being sprayed onto the soil surface. The results indicated that (95)Zr could not readily move downwards with percolating water due to strong adsorption to surface soil.     

Contamination of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) and relevant management in China

The status of typical persistent organic pollutant (POP) contamination in many media (e.g., farm produce, soil, human milk, water, and sediments) was surveyed and China's relevant countermeasures for controlling POPs were analyzed in this paper. The results showed that the proportion of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) to all kinds of pesticides has descended significantly since 1983 when the OCPs were forbidden from being used. The spatial distribution characteristic of pesticide application in the whole country was as follows: southeast>central>northwest. The pesticide residues in food with high fat and high protein content were more than that in foodstuffs. The residual concentration in soil in the whole country was as follows: south>central>north. Furthermore, in vegetable fields, the residual concentration was higher than that in crop fields. As for human milk, the retained amount tended to decrease. In the recent two decades, although the reduction was 81.5%, it was still higher than that in some developed European and American countries. The rank of the residual concentrations of OCPs in different media was: human milk>animal foodstuff>soil>vegetable food>water and sediment. The initial relevant POP management in China can be traced back to 1982 when the Ordinance of Pesticide Management was enacted. Now, environmental control of POPs in China is close to the international level. The legal management system of POPs can be divided into four facets, including 3 regulations, 6 ordinances, and 20 standards. However, on the whole, most of the existing regulations do not refer to POPs directly. Only some clauses mention POPs and lack pertinent, explicit statements on POP pollution and control. Legislation is urgently needed for more effective environmental management to enhance POP control.     

上海市郊中小河流夏季水污染特征研究

在夏季对上海郊区一典型的中、小河流河网水质进行监测 ,结果表明 :(1)河流水体普遍有很高的氮磷和有机负荷 ,其CODcr、总磷、总氮等指标均数倍于《地面水环境质量标准》中规定的V类水最大允许值 ,水体正处于严重的富营养化状态。位于集镇居民区和养殖场附近河流的污染更为严重。 (2 )受富营养化和河流底泥污染物释放的影响 ,河流水质还存在分层现象 ,尤其是水流滞缓、水深不足两米的小河流更为明显。主要表现为 :底层水氨氮 ,TRP(总反应态磷 )和SRP(溶解反应态磷 )的含量明显高于表层水 ;而表层水的 pH和DO高于底层水 ;同时 ,由于底层水处于厌氧的环境下 ,NO- 3-N、NO- 2 -N含量低于表层水。 (3)由于长期受纳污水、污物 ,中、小河流底泥有很高的氮磷累积 ,凯氏氮平均达 3.5 2 6 (N ,mg) / g ;总磷平均达 2 0 5 2 .2 5 0 (P ,mg) /kg。集镇居民区河流底泥总磷含量高达 5 813.838(P ,mg) /kg ;养殖场附近河流底泥凯氏氮高达 5 .96 4 (N ,mg) / g。底泥孔隙水中的NO- 3-N、NO- 2 -N含量很低 ;NH+4的含量是河流底层水的 3～ 2 4倍 ;SRP的含量约是河流底层水的 2～ 16倍。由于底泥有机污染重 ,耗氧量大 ,处于厌氧的环境 ,其交换态Fe2 +的含量很高     

潮汐循环影响下上覆水环境因子和氮营养盐的变化及其相关关系

潮汐循环对水体理化特征的短期影响是潮汐河口各种理化参数变化的一个重要原因。通过崇明东旺沙堤外低潮滩和东海农场低潮滩采样及环境因子分析，发现崇明东滩各环境因子之间（除浊度外）相关性较好，均呈宽 “U”型变化；东海农场各环境因子之间相关性较差，变化不一致，且盐度、电导率变化与崇明东滩变化相反；受潮汐循环影响，崇明东滩涨潮初期各形态氮有明显释放过程，而东海农场的近底层水体在涨潮初期NH4+ N急剧下降，NOX- N缓慢下降；无论是在崇明东滩还是在东海农场，营养盐浓度受环境因子的共同影响，整个潮汐循环过程中总无机氮（TIN）与盐度呈显著线性负相关，这与整个长江口近岸水体的营养盐负荷相一致，长江上游淡水带来的高负荷营养盐流经河口进入海洋。     

2种拟除虫菊酯类农药对赤子爱胜蚓消化酶的毒性效应

拟除虫菊酯类农药已经逐渐代替有机磷等农药被大量使用,给土壤动物带来潜在生态风险.本研究选择了土壤模式生物赤子爱胜蚓为受试生物,考察2种拟除虫菊酯类农药(联苯菊酯和氟氯氰菊酯)对赤子爱胜蚓消化酶活性(α-葡萄糖苷酶和蛋白酶)的影响.结果表明,α-葡萄糖苷酶(α-Glu)活性在暴露初期被联苯菊酯诱导,随着时间的延长,出现抑...     

水中微量弱极性内分泌干扰物测定方法的研究

使用ENVITM Chrom P固相萃取小柱、双(三甲基硅烷基)三氟乙酰胺(BSTFA)衍生剂及气质联机,系统研究了水中弱极性内分泌干扰物(EDCs)的测定方法.通过正交试验,得到最佳固相萃取条件为:水样流速5 mL/min,洗脱剂为二氯甲烷,洗脱速率0.5 mL/min,洗脱剂体积6 mL.最佳衍生化条件为:BSTFA 100 μL,60 ℃,反应时间30 min.结果表明,双酚A、五氯酚、2,4-二氯苯酚、4-壬基酚、雌二醇、雌三醇、雌酮、炔雌二醇的回收率在82.4%～101.9%,检出限为0.01～0.06 μg/L.     

粉煤灰合成分子筛及处理含氟废水的研究

实验利用工业废渣——循环流化床粉煤灰合成出较高结晶度的X型和P型分子筛,合成过程无须高温焙烧预处理.通过XRD分析表征,发现该法合成分子筛结晶度较高,X型和P型分子筛相对结晶度分别达68%～75%和55%.实验应用合成分子筛进行载铁改性,并对NaF模拟的工业含氟废水进行了除氟实验.结果表明,载铁X型分子筛处理工业含氟废水效果良好,除氟率可达74%～98%,除氟容量达25.0～30.0 mg/g.在处理含氟废水过程中,载铁合成分子筛与其他除氟剂相比较,具有除氟率高、除氟容量大、反应迅速的特点.