微电解技术在工业废水处理中的应用进展

概述了近年来传统铁碳微电解法在难降解工业废水预处理、污泥处理和重金属去除、低浓度废水处理等领域的研究进展,介绍了通过在铁碳微电解体系中投加其他金属以催化反应的改性微电解法的废水处理效果,以及微电解与电场强化、微波强化、Fenton氧化、生物处理、物化法等其他工艺联合技术在废水处理中的应用现状,探讨了相关微电解技术存在的问题及未来的发展方向。     

Total versus urban: Well-to-wheels assessment of criteria pollutant emissions from various vehicle/fuel systems

The potential impact on the environment of alternative vehicle/fuel systems needs to be evaluated, especially with respect to human health effects resulting from air pollution. We used the Greenhouse gases, Regulated Emissions, and Energy use in Transportation (GREET) model to examine the well-to-wheels (WTW) emissions of five criteria pollutants (VOCs, NO_x, PM₁₀, PM_2.5, and CO) for nine vehicle/fuel systems: (1) conventional gasoline vehicles; (2) conventional diesel vehicles; (3) ethanol (E85) flexible-fuel vehicles (FFVs) fueled with corn-based ethanol; (4) E85 FFVs fueled with switchgrass-based ethanol; (5) gasoline hybrid vehicles (HEVs); (6) diesel HEVs; (7) electric vehicles (EVs) charged using the average U.S. generation mix; (8) EVs charged using the California generation mix; and (9) hydrogen fuel cell vehicles (FCVs). Pollutant emissions were separated into total and urban emissions to differentiate the locations of emissions, and emissions were presented by sources. The results show that WTW emissions of the vehicle/fuel systems differ significantly, in terms of not only the amounts but also with respect to locations and sources, both of which are important in evaluating alternative vehicle/fuel systems. E85 FFVs increase total emissions but reduce urban emissions by up to 30% because the majority of emissions are released from farming equipment, fertilizer manufacture, and ethanol plants, all of which are located in rural areas. HEVs reduce both total and urban emissions because of the improved fuel economy and lower emissions. While EVs significantly reduce total emissions of VOCs and CO by more than 90%, they increase total emissions of PM₁₀ and PM_2.5 by 35–325%. However, EVs can reduce urban PM emissions by more than 40%. FCVs reduce VOCs, CO, and NO_x emissions, but they increase both total and urban PM emissions because of the high process emissions that occur during hydrogen production. This study emphasizes the importance of specifying a thorough life-cycle emissions inventory that can account for both the locations and sources of the emissions to assist in achieving a fair comparison of alternative vehicle/fuel options in terms of their environmental impacts.     

低温喹啉降解菌的筛选及降解性能

从吉林石化污水处理厂的活性污泥中驯化、筛选获得一株降解效率高且生长速率快高效耐冷菌,命名为WS-5。该菌能以喹啉作为惟一的碳源、氮源及能源。结合菌体的形态观察、生理生化特性实验及16S rDNA 序列同源性对比分析,鉴定菌株WS-5为恶臭假单胞菌(Pseudomonas putida)。不同降解条件下的实验结果表明,菌株WS-5的最佳降解条件是投菌量为15%,pH值范围在8~10,摇床转速为100 r/min。最佳降解环境下对200 mg/L的喹啉在132 h降解率达到了85.3%。菌株WS-5对初始喹啉浓度为50、100、200和300 mg/L的初始喹啉浓度分别在36、72、192和262 h内完全降解。这将为今后在低温条件下处理含喹啉废水提供技术指导。     

好氧颗粒污泥法处理石化废水

实验以吉林石化污水处理厂初沉池出水为原水在SBR中培养好氧颗粒污泥。实验初期,依次以比例为40%、60%的含石化废水的培养液进行培养,于第15天SBR中出现颗粒污泥,此后直接采用石化废水培养,同时逐步缩短沉降时间,第27天起反应器出水稳定,COD去除率达到89%,TN、NH3-N和TP去除率分别达到56%、86%和90%。采用此方法培养的颗粒污泥平均粒径约为1.3 mm,外表棕黄色,颗粒表面粗糙,在扫描电子显微镜(SEM)下观察到好氧颗粒污泥主要由杆状菌和丝状菌组成,颗粒内部存在若干孔隙。研究结果表明,在SBR中通过逐步增加石化废水进水比例,缩短沉降时间可以快速培养出好氧颗粒污泥,好氧颗粒污泥处理石化废水效果良好。     

Anogenital distance and its application in environmental health research

Anogenital distance (AGD), a useful anthropometric measurement for genital development in both animals and humans, was originally found by reproductive toxicologists in rodent experiments. As an easy-to-measure and sensitive marker, AGD has become a bioassay of fetal androgen action and a well-established reproductive toxicity endpoint in animals. It is generally accepted that AGD is sexually dimorphic in many mammals, with males having longer AGD than females. Exposure to proposed endocrine disruptors may result in reduced AGD; thus, it has been used to measure health effects of compounds with endocrine-altering properties or endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) in environmental toxicology. Moreover, AGD is an important clinical measure to address endocrine-sensitive endpoints in the first year of life and to assess the adverse impact of in utero exposure to environmental EDCs. Recently, AGD has been identified as one of the endpoints in the US Environmental Protection Agency guidelines for reproductive toxicity studies in humans, but use of AGD in human studies is still rare, and the results remain mixed and inconclusive due to many reasons. In order to achieve a breakthrough, researchers are endeavoring to standardize the measurement of AGD, normalize age-specific population data in different ethnic groups, and conduct more in-depth human researches in this field.     

城市的发展与火灾防治

随着经济的快速增长，火灾将会成为一个突出的灾害问题。作为经济发展中心的城市，火灾危险因素大大增加，因此，在城市的发展和改造过程中，应当同时抓好防火安全保障体系的建设，大力发展消防科技，并应加强防火安全教育，以便把火灾危害减少到最低限度     

光纤传输在地震台信号传输中的应用

深圳地震台处于强雷电干扰地区,雷电干扰的破坏给深圳地震台的各类设备带来严重的损害,造成较大的经济损失,后来在信号传输线路上改用了光纤传输,起到了明显的效果。作者将深圳台在应用光纤传输地震信号的实践工作进行简要总结,供一线台站的同行参考。     

南岭及其邻区多金属成矿条件与开发方向

本文在前人工作的基础之上,对南岭及其邻区的地层、岩浆岩、变质岩和构造综合研究与对比分析后认为,该区成矿条件优越,成矿条件复杂,表现出多金属矿产的共生性与伴生性。开发方向应该充分利用这两个特性,依靠科技,实行投资倾斜,减少资金沉淀,加强综合找矿、综合开采、综合冶炼、综合加工。在提高资源增值率,扩大经济效益的同时保护生态环境,完善产业结构与生产力布局,尽快地把该地区建成有色、稀有、黑色金属工业基地。     

抽水对地壳形变观测影响的研究

抽水引起地面沉降问题早已引起世界各国的关注，是目前世界上许多取用地下水的国家共同面临的严重环境保护问题。我国地面沉降研究工作的开展已有10多年的历史，主要方法是利用沉降模型进行模拟推测，其弊端较多。由于缺少地下水水位和地面沉降的实际观测资料，难以进行细致的研究．蓟县地震台进行地形变监测已有十几年的历史，在长期的地形变观测中，不仅能监视到抽水引起地面倾角的地变化（经换算可得地面垂直方向的变化），还能监视地面因抽水引起地面水平方向的变化．为具体研究人工抽水与地壳形变的关系进行抽水实验。     

光纤传输在地震台信号传输中的应用

深圳地震台处于强雷电干扰地区，雷电干扰的破坏给深圳地震台的各类设备带来严重的损害，造成较大的经济损失，后来在信号传输线路上改用了光纤传输，起到了明显的效果。作者将深圳台在应用光纤传输地震信号的实践工作进行简要总结，供一线台站的同行参考。