内循环UASB中微生物群落多样性分析研究

应用聚合酶链式反应(polymerase chajn reaction,PCR)结合变形梯度凝胶电泳(denature gadient gel elecophoresis,DGGE)技术对内循环UASB反应器内活性污泥的微生物多样性进行分析。通过OMEGA试剂盒的方式提取活性污泥中微生物的基因组DNA,以细菌通用引物进行16S rDNA基因V3高变异区域PCR扩增,再将PCR产物(约200bp)进行变性梯度凝胶电泳分离(变形梯度为30%⁶0%),从而获得表征污泥样中微生物群落特征的DNA指纹图谱。借助Quantity One软件对不同污泥样进行多样性分析。研究表明,内循环UASB反应器内不同取样口取得的活性污泥虽有着共同的和不同的微生物种属,但DGGE图谱中多为共同带,少有特征带,污泥样品间的相似性很高、微生物群落多样性基本一致。反应器内污泥混合均匀、微生物种类丰富,反应器运行稳定且有很强的抗冲击能力。     

由传统工业文明向生态文明的转型势在必行——《生态文明的中国觉醒》述评

《生态文明的中国觉醒》首先说明当今中国出现了环境严重污染的“生态墙”;进而阐述环境保护的严峻形势及建设生态文明的艰巨任务;然后论述我国正处环境问题的激化期,应借鉴世界各大工业国的经验教训,指明经济与生态双赢的方向;最后阐述生态文明建设势在必行。这篇重要文章提出了以下启示：中国发展打“消耗战”的路已经行不通,必须由传统工业文明向生态文明转型;必须坚持又好又快的发展,保持适当速度;提倡“合理消费”;大力实施“创新驱动战略”,为生态文明建设提供强大动力。     

The effective control of major industrial accidents by the Major Industrial Accident Prevention Centers (MAPC) through the Process Safety Management (PSM) grading system in Korea

This paper examines effectiveness of a regulatory enforcement organization (Major industrial Accident Prevention Center, MAPC), and a grading system for implementation of the Process Safety Management (PSM) regulation in Korea. A lot of chemical installations have been built in Korea since the 1960s. The frequent occurrence of major industrial accidents had made people's concerns grow. The Korean government enacted PSM regulations in 1996 in order to curb these accidents.However, a key question is how to make sure companies comply with the PSM regulations. In order to improve company’ compliance with PSM regulations the Ministry of Employment and Labor (MOEL) responsible for the regulation introduced a grading management system in 2001 and then established special supervisory centers for enforcement of PSM regulations in 2005. This paper reviews the role and effectiveness of the system in term of PSM enforcement. The author found that the grade-based approach has encouraged employers to implement the requirements of the PSM regulations. MAPCs play an effective role in enhancing enforcement performance. Although the more chemical plants have been established in Korea, the fewer major industrial accidents have occurred since the introduction of the system. The results may be useful for the policy maker to build an effective and efficient enforcement system.     

Investigation of methods for estimating hand bone dimensions using X-ray hand anthropometric data

This study examined two conversion methods, M1 and M2, to predict finger/phalange bone lengths based on finger/phalange surface lengths. Forty-one Korean college students (25 males and 16 females) were recruited and their finger/phalange surface lengths, bone lengths and grip strengths were measured using a vernier caliper, an X-ray generator and a double-handle force measurement system, respectively. M1 and M2 were defined as formulas able to estimate finger/phalange bone lengths based on one dimension (i.e., surface hand length) and four finger dimensions (surface finger lengths), respectively. As a result of conversion, the estimation errors by M1 presented mean 1.22?mm, which was smaller than those (1.29?mm) by M2. The bone lengths estimated by M1 (mean r?=?0.81) presented higher correlations with the measured bone lengths than those estimated by M2 (0.79). Thus, the M1 method was recommended in the present study, based on conversion simplicity and accuracy.     

Research on the development and planning of renewable energy in Tibet

With the rapid social and economic development of the Tibet Autonomous Region,the situation in regard to energy supply and demand is increasingly tense.Meanwhile,the development of renewable energy in Tibet has been given considerable practical significance by its peculiar ecological environment.Given the complementarity of renewable energies in Tibet,using the method of factor analysis,we derived four major factors:level of economic development,social development,industrial development,and energy endowment,which help to evaluate development conditions in different regions of Tibet.Treating these four factors equally,we used the hierarchical clustering method to determine the order of regional development.Thus we acquire a three-stage planning project for renewable energy.In the first stage,Lhasa plays a leading role in promoting the development of renewable energy,particularly that based on solar and wind energy.There are two phases in the second stage,the first being to simultaneously develop solar and wind energy in Xigaze and Nyingchi.The second is to develop solar and wind energy in accordance with the time of year in Qamdo,Nagqu,and Ali,with 1.145billion kWh electricity to be generated.The third stage is to develop energy production in Lhoka Prefecture,with 1.369billion kWh electricity to be generated.At the end of the three-stage project,consumption of available electricity will have reached 4.045 billion kwh,with major social and economic benefits.     

CO2 emissions in German, Swedish and Colombian manufacturing industries

This study evaluates and compares the trends in CO₂ emissions for the manufacturing industries of three countries: two developed countries (Germany and Sweden) that have applied several measures to promote a shift towards a low-carbon economy and one developing country (Colombia) that has shown substantial improvements in the reduction of CO₂ emissions. This analysis is conducted using panel data cointegration techniques to infer causality between CO₂ emissions, production factors and energy sources. The results indicate a trend of producing more output with less pollution. The trends for these countries’ CO₂ emissions depend on investment levels, energy sources and economic factors. Furthermore, the trends in CO₂ emissions indicate that there are emission level differences between the two developed countries and the developing country. Moreover, the study confirms that it is possible to achieve economic growth and sustainable development while reducing greenhouse gas emissions, as Germany and Sweden demonstrate. In the case of Colombia, it is important to encourage a reduction in CO₂ emissions through policies that combine technical and economic instruments and incentivise the application of new technologies that promote clean and environmentally friendly processes.     

层次分析法在泉州市和南安市大气环境质量评价中的应用研究

文章根据(GB 3095-2012)《大气环境质量标准》,依据地区大气环境实际情况选择SO2、NO2、PM10构建评价指标体系,采用层次分析法对泉州市和南安市2005年-2010年的大气环境质量进行了综合评价,并从地理位置、气候、经济和能源结构这四个方面分析比较两个城市的评价结果.结果表明:泉州市和南安市的大气环境质量均为一级,从分析结果来看南安市的大气环境质量整体较优于泉州市,这与南安市大气污染型企业较少、台风影响较大、植被覆盖率较高有直接关系.     

驯化SBR法处理磷钙废水的实验研究

采用驯化SBR法来处理明胶生产工序段的磷钙水,研究了该法的可行性及污泥活性抑制后的恢复措施。结果表明:驯化SBR法处理磷钙废水有一定的处理效果,COD去除率最高可达88%,除磷效果明显,24h去除率维持在85%;反应器运行7～8天后,污泥活性受高氯根和碳酸钙的积累而被抑制,经更换部分污泥和添加低浓度废水等措施,可使污泥生物活性得到恢复。     

Quantification of microcystin-producing and non-microcystin producing Microcystis populations during the 2009 and 2010 blooms in Lake Taihu using quantitative real-time PCR

Lake Taihu, a large, shallow hypertrophic freshwater lake in eastern China, has experienced lake-wide toxic cyanobacterial blooms annually during summer season in the past decades. Spatial changes in the abundance of hepatotoxin microcystin-producing and non-microcystin producing Microcystis populations were investigated in the lake in August of 2009 and 2010. To monitor the densities of the total Microcystis population and the potential microcystin-producing subpopulation, we used a quantitative real-time PCR assay targeting the phycocyanin intergenic spacer (PC-IGS) and the microcystin synthetase gene (mcyD), respectively. On the basis of quantification by real-time PCR analysis, the abundance of potential toxic Microcystis genotypes and the ratio of the mcyD subpopulation to the total Microcystis varied significantly, from 4.08× 10⁴ to 5.22× 10⁷ copies/mL, from 5.7% to 65.8%, respectively. Correlation analysis showed a strong positive relationship between chlorophyll-a, toxic Microcystis and total Microcystis; the abundance of toxic Microcystis correlated positively with total phosphorus and ortho-phosphate concentrations, but negatively with TN:TP ratio and nitrate concentrations. Meanwhile the proportion of potential toxic genotypes within Microcystis population showed positive correlation with total phosphorus and ortho-phosphate concentrations. Our data suggest that increased phosphorus loading may be a significant factor promoting the occurrence of toxic Microcystis bloom in Lake Taihu.