构建自然灾害应急物流系统的思考

<正>在抗震救灾应急物流中的思考"5·12"汶川特大地震发生后,绍兴市民政系统快速反应,紧急部署,启动工作预案,纷纷捐款捐物,及时在媒体上公布捐赠热线和捐赠专用账户,与市直机关党工委联合发出向灾区捐款捐物的倡议。全局上下把抗震救灾工作作为一项重大政治任务,把接收捐赠作为支援灾区的实际行动,全力以赴,探索创新,保质保量及时完成帐篷、     

Occurrence of arsenic and phosphorus in ditch flow from litter-amended soils and barn areas

Little is known about the fate of arsenic (As) in land-applied litter from chickens that have been fed roxarsone, an organic feed additive containing As. This study seeks to elucidate the transfer of As in runoff from ditch-drained soils of the poultry-producing region of the Delmarva Peninsula by tracking As and phosphorus (P) export from seven drainage ditches over two water-years (1 July 2005 to 30 June 2007). Annual losses of As from ditches ranged from 0.004 to 0.071 kg ha(-1) while P losses ranged from 0.33 to 18.56 kg ha(-1), with the largest loads associated with a litter storage shed that served as a point source. Event-based As and P losses in ditch flow fluctuated by a factor of 162 and 1882, respectively. The two elements were correlated in flow from the ditch draining a litter storage shed (r = 0.99), and in sediment extracts in soils near the litter shed (r = 0.73), pointing to similar behavior under point source conditions. Indeed, As and P exhibited similar behavior within storms for all ditches, characterized by relatively high initial concentrations subject to rapid concentration declines before peak flow, consistent with dilution of a finite source. However, As and P concentrations varied significantly between ditches and showed considerable temporal variability within ditches, with no clear seasonal trends or associations with current management strategies. The results suggest that similar management strategies might be effective for As and P point sources, but that field management practices geared toward controlling nonpoint source P losses may not readily transfer to the control of As losses.     

中小化工燃煤锅炉烟气脱硫技术路线的选择

在分析了燃煤烟气脱硫方式以及中小化工燃煤锅炉特点的基础上,对中小化工燃煤锅炉适宜的烟气脱硫技术路线进行了技术经济比较.认为选择脱硫路线时应考虑技术的成熟度及可靠性、脱硫剂和运行的成本、副产物的利用等因素.建议在烟气量小于8×105 m3/h时采用干法脱硫工艺;在烟气量大于8×105 m3/h时采用石灰石-石膏法脱硫工艺...     

能量代谢动力学模型对污水处理参数优化

从本质上说,微生物的降解的过程就是微生物能量代谢的过程,从能量守恒原理出发,通过简化,导出了能量代谢动力学模型,从而从微观领域建立了能量参数与系统参数之间的联系,同时通过模型实验求解出其中的参数,找出微生物比增殖速率和基于ATP的能量比利用速率之间的关系,进而可以根据实际进水水质对系统参数进行计算,优化处理过程,用以确定和校正一些凭经验设计的关键参数。因此,能量代谢方程在理论上和实践上都具有重要的意义。     

催化裂化钠碱脱硫液中钙镁离子的去除

研究了化学沉淀法和氨基膦酸型螯合树脂吸附法对催化裂化钠碱脱硫液中Ca~(2+)和Mg~(2+)的去除效果。实验结果表明:NaOH沉淀法可有效去除钠碱脱硫液中的Mg~(2+),当溶液pH为12、反应时间为15 min时,Mg~(2+)去除率达91.6%;NaOH-Na_2CO_3联合沉淀法无法去除钠碱脱硫液中的Ca~(2+);经过NaOH溶液有效除Mg~(2+)后的脱硫液再采用氨基膦酸型螯合树脂吸附柱去除其中的Ca~(2+)和Mg~(2+),可使出水硬度小于2 mg/L。提高进水pH、降低进水流量、降低进水硬度均可提高单位体积树脂的处理水量。     

Effects of Tibetan hulless barley on bloom-forming cyanobacterium (Microcystis aeruginosa) measured by different physiological and morphologic parameters

The current trend of global warming is expected to stimulate the expansion of harmful cyanobacteria blooms. Previously, the occidental type of barley straw has been used to control blooms in Europe and America, but very little is known about the antialgal abilities of its oriental relative. We tested the use of Tibetan hulless barley straw--the progenitor of oriental barley--to inhibit the growth of cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa. Flow cytometry allowed assessment at single-cell level, with morphologic parameters (cell volume, cell membrane integrity) and physiological parameters (in vivo Chlorophyll a fluorescence, metabolic activity) used as endpoints. The reduction of cell densities together with integrated cell membranes suggests that Tibetan barley may act as an algistatic agent. Doses from 2.0 to 8.0 g L?1 of Tibetan barley straw efficiently inhibited the alga, but these doses were much higher than those of occidental barley. Such a large dosage introduced additional nutrients, which stimulated the intracellular metabolic activity and induced two physiological subpopulations in the acute term. After mid and long-term exposure, the growth inhibition effect exceeded the stimulation effect, so that the cells' metabolic activity and Chlorophyll a fluorescence decayed, simultaneously with shrinkage in the algal cell volume.     

亚硝基胍对泥鳅红细胞微核及核异常的诱发

研究了诱变剂对泥鳅红细胞微核和核异常的诱发作用,以寻求较为简便的检测水体中污染物对遗传物质的损害程度及毒理效应的方法。试验以亚硝基胍（MNNG）作为诱变剂,研究其不同浓度和染毒时间对泥鳅红细胞微核形成和核异常的影响。试验结果表明,在一定浓度范围内,微核细胞率与亚硝基胍浓度呈正相关;但当浓度过高时,微核细胞率反而降低。此外,研究还发现,随着亚硝基胍浓度的升高,微核细胞率出现高峰的时间也相应提前。从试验结果来看,微核测定法确是遗传毒理学试验中一个较为理想的监测手段。     

The current municipal solid waste management situation in Tibet

The Tibetan Plateau has an average altitude of more than 4,000 m. The total area of Tibetan Plateau is 2,400,000 km2, which occupies 25% of the area of China. Due to the high altitude, the environment has low atmospheric pressure, low oxygen content, and low temperature, and is also fragile. Investigations concerning MSW generation and characteristics, MSW management, collection and transportation, and treatment and disposal of MSW covered four representative cities, including the urban areas of Lhasa city, Shigatse, Nedong of Lhoka and Bayi of Nyingtri. The results show that MSW generation in the urban areas of Lhasa city and Tibet were 450 t/d and 3,597 t/d, respectively, in 2006. However, accelerated economic development and flourishing tourism caused by the opening of the Qinghai-Tibet Railway (QTR) have greatly increased solid waste generation to a new high. It is predicted that MSW generation in Tibet will reach 4,026 t/d in 2010 and 4,942 t/d in 2020. MSW management and disposal lag behind MSW generation due to a number of factors such as equipment shortage, insufficient maintenance, exhaustion of waste treatment capacity and low recycling efficiency. Still, MSW in most areas is dumped in the open with no controls. Because no appropriate collection and treatment systems for leachate and landfill gas exist, untreated leachate is discharged directly into the environment, causing serious secondary pollution. Some suggestions on improving the MSW management system are presented in this paper.     

Effect of heavy metal stress on antioxidative enzymes and lipid peroxidation in leaves and roots of two mangrove plant seedlings (Kandelia candel and Bruguiera gymnorrhiza)

The effects of multiple heavy metal stress on the activity of antioxidative enzymes and lipid peroxidation were studied in leaves and roots of two mangrove plants, Kandelia candel and Bruguiera gymnorrhiza, grown under control (10 per thousand NaCl nutrient solution) or five levels of multiple heavy metal stress (10 per thousand NaCl nutrient solution containing different concentration of Pb2+, Cd2+, and Hg2+). Leaves and roots of control and heavy metal-stressed plants were harvested after two months. In leaves of heavy metal-stressed plants superoxide dismutase (SOD) and peroxidase (POD) activities fluctuated in different stress levels compared to the control, while catalase (CAT) activity increased with stress levels in K. candel, but remained unchanged in leaves of B. gymnorrhiza. In comparison with the control, the dynamic tendency of SOD, CAT, and POD activities in roots of heavy metal-stressed plants all ascended, and then declined. The increase in enzyme activities demonstrated that K. candel is more tolerant to heavy metals than B. gymnorrhiza. Lipid peroxidation was enhanced only in leaves of heavy metal-stressed B. gymnorrhiza. These results indicate that in heavy-metal stress antioxidative activities may play an important role in K. candel and B. gymnorrhiza and that cell membrane in leaves and roots of K. candel have greater stability than those of B. gymnorrhiza. For pollution monitoring purposes, POD activity in roots and leaves maybe serve as a biomarker of heavy metal stress in K. candel, while lipid peroxidation maybe serve as biomarker in B. gymnorrhiza.