Between Scylla and Charybdis? On the place of economic methods in sustainability science

The flaws of mainstream economic methodology are becoming widely acknowledged. Should we, therefore, reject all of its concepts within the quest for sustainability? A predicament looms: neither would it make sense to neglect useful tools, nor to redundantly replicate the mainstream’s narrow perspective on sustainability problems. We argue that avoiding both fallacies is possible because power of judgment facilitates non-dogmatic methodological decisions: the scientists’ judgment, that is, the capacity to apply general concepts to specific situations, supports their decisions concerning which methods are suitable for tackling a given sustainability problem. The intersubjective quality of judgment prevents the resulting methodological pluralism from drifting toward arbitrariness.     

区域能源效率测算及影响分析——基于三阶段DEA方法

文章运用三阶段DEA方法,测算了2010～2017年间全国30个省、市能源效率,并将剔除环境要素和随机扰动影响的效率值与传统DEA分析结果进行比较.结果显示,剔除环境要素和随机扰动之前,我国绝大多数省规模效率高于纯技术效率,导致规模效率被高估,存在投入不足的情况;通过三阶段DEA结果,中国地区间规模报酬都处于递增趋势,...     

广州市2020年春节期间烟花爆竹燃放对空气质量的影响

利用2020年春节期间(1月21～28日)广州市21个空气质量监测站气象和空气污染物数据及其中4个监测点位的单颗粒气溶胶质谱仪(single particle aerosol mass spectrometer,SPAMS)数据,研究烟花爆竹燃放对广州市及11个行政区空气质量的影响,并基于SPAMS 建立了烟花爆竹快速...     

Assesment of Trace Elements and Organic Pollutants from a Marine Oil Complex into the Coral Reef System of Cayo Arcas, Mexico

Possible contaminants produced by the Petroleos Mexicanos (PEMEX) marine oil complex in the vicinity of the Cayo Arcas (Mexico) coral reef ecosystem were evaluated by analyzing sediments and sea water for hydrocarbons and metal elements. We found that the concentrations of aliphatic hydrocarbons in the sea water were generally low, with the highest values detected near the oil station; the concentration of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) was generally below the detection limit. The hydrocarbons found in the sediments seem to have a pyrogenic origin, and were probably produced by marine traffic in the study area. The total PAH concentration did not exceed the NOAA criteria, although levels of some individual PAHs did. The only metal detected in the sea water at high concentrations was nickel. The Ni/V ratio in the sediments indicates the contribution of crude oil to the system. The high content of Ni and Zn was attributed to the ballast waters from the oil tankers that load at the station's monobuoys. The presence of fine sediments that commonly originate from terrestrial ecosystems supported this assumption.     

Suitability of the vegetation types in Mexico's Tamaulipas state for the siting of hazardous waste treatment plants

A land suitability study was carried out by applying a multiple-criteria technique to 12 different vegetation types in Mexico's Tamaulipas state to help select potentially suitable sites for hazardous waste treatment plants. Species richness, spatial distribution, and uniqueness were selected as the criteria for estimating a vegetation type's suitability. Using the analytical hierarchy process, we ranked and mapped vegetation types, then compared the results with rankings of the same vegetation types based only on their number of endemic species. The suitabilities of the various vegetation types were ordered in more or less the same way by both methods, except in two cases for which the results were very different. The method proved to be a useful tool despite the availability of only partial (mostly qualitative) information; under such circumstances, expert experience can be incorporated in the evaluation process to a limited degree. The technique described in this paper has a high potential to aid decisions when many opinions and options must be considered simultaneously.     

垃圾焚烧烟气高温净化反应产物的收尘技术

利用石灰作吸收剂在较高温度段净化垃圾焚烧烟气中所含的酸性气体,并及时进行收尘有利于焚烧炉的安全、经济运行。本实验在实验室规模的旋风分离器实验台上,对中、高温烟气工况下石灰净化HCl气体后的反应产物的分离效率以及反应产物的粒径变化规律进行了研究。试验结果表明:高温下石灰颗粒尤其是反应后的产物存在着团聚现象,并且产物团聚现象随烟气温度升高而加剧,进而显著地影响了分离效率,使450～760℃范围内的分离效率提高到94%以上。     

湖南蔡家塘森林小流域氮和硫的输入输出特征

以湖南韶山蔡家塘小流域2001～2003年的监测数据为基础,对森林在酸沉降作用下无机氮(NH 4,NO-3)和硫输入、输出的月均通量进行了研究.结果表明,总氮的年输入通量为24～28 kg·hm-2·a-1,主要以NH 4形式(占总输入氮的62%～67%)输入该森林生态系统;年氮输出通量为2～3kg·hm-2·a-1,主要以NO-3形式(占总输出N的83%～98%)输出该森林生态系统.韶山森林年无机氮的滞留量达到22～26kg·hm-2·a-1,其中NH 4占到总氮净截留量的68%～72%.硫的截留量为13～21 kg·hm-2·a-1.高氮沉降导致了一部分氮的输出,但是输出氮仅占到输入氮的8%～9%.有超过90%的氮被生态系统截留.由此可以推断,韶山森林尽管有高氮输入,但是生态系统远没有达到氮饱和状态.     

北京市菜地土壤和蔬菜铬含量及其健康风险评估

对北京市97种蔬菜的345个蔬菜样品和54个菜地土壤中的铬含量进行了研究.结果表明,北京市菜地土壤中铬含量的含量范围、算术均值、中值、几何均值分别为25.4～86.3、44.5、42.2、43.4 mg·kg-1,均低于<土壤环境质量标准>中的蔬菜地土壤质量标准,但显著高于北京市土壤铬背景值.蔬菜铬的含量范围、算术均值和几何均值分别为0.4～1034、64.6、22.7μg·kg-1.叶菜类和根茎类蔬菜的铬平均含量显著高于特菜类,其它类型的蔬菜铬含量差异不显著.北京市本地产蔬菜和裸露地蔬菜的铬含量均分别显著高于市售外地产蔬菜和设施栽培蔬菜.甘蓝的铬富集系数较高,小白菜、云架豆和冬瓜次之,而西红柿、黄瓜、大葱、叶甜菜、萝卜、大白菜、茄子和辣椒和部分特菜等铬富集系数最低.北京市居民从蔬菜中摄入铬的量为每人50.5μg·d-1,目前已存在一定的潜在健康风险.     

亚硝酸盐对聚磷菌好氧摄磷的影响研究

利用批量试验研究了不同浓度的亚硝酸盐对聚磷菌好氧摄磷过程的影响,以及在含盐废水硝化过程中亚硝酸盐的累积对聚磷菌好氧摄磷的影响.试验结果表明:亚硝态氮浓度为4 mg/L时,对聚磷菌摄磷有抑制作用,其对摄磷速率的抑制系数为0.08;亚硝态氮浓度为15 mg/L时,对聚磷菌摄磷产生明显的抑制,抑制系数增加到0.61.亚硝酸盐对聚磷菌的抑制作用主要与亚硝酸有关.本研究中亚硝酸浓度在0.000 2 mg/L以上时即对聚磷菌产生较强的抑制作用.亚硝酸盐对聚磷菌的抑制作用只是在亚硝酸盐存在的条件下才发生,一旦亚硝酸盐消失,对聚磷菌的抑制作用即可解除.含盐废水硝化过程中,在好氧反应开始1～2 h内,由于亚硝态氮浓度低,其对聚磷菌摄磷抑制作用小.随着亚硝态氮的逐步累积,亚硝态氮浓度达到8～9mg/L以上时,其对聚磷菌摄磷的抑制作用逐渐增强.进水氨氮浓度高时,好氧反应过程中pH值较低,会导致亚硝酸浓度增高,致使磷酸根的吸收量减少.     

吸附-生物降解(AB)工艺的改造

AB工艺凭借其独特的优点,在城市污水处理中得到许多应用。但在我国低浓度、低C／N比的城市污水处理中遇到许多问题。以广州某城市污水处理厂AB工艺的应用情况为例,探讨了AB工艺改造的方法及其研究进展,在此基础上提出SND(同时硝化反硝化生物脱氮)技术应用于AB工艺改造的新思路,为我国城市污水处理厂的改造和优化提供一种新的方案。