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21.
William R. Walker Carol J. Haley Phyllis Bridgeman Stephen H. Goldstein 《Environmental management》1991,15(3):441-449
A literature search and survey of Virginia, USA, campgrounds with RV pump-out stations were used to determine whether boat
holding-tank deodorant chemicals would have deleterious effects on marina septic systems or package treatment plants. Laboratory
studies reported in the literature indicate that these chemical additives could affect septic system function in three ways:
(1) active ingredients in the additives can impair sewage degradation in septic tanks, causing sludge buildup and overflow
of solids into the drainfield, (2) additive chemicals might enter the drainfield and, in high enough concentrations, reduce
the drainfield's ability to degrade waste, or (3) toxic additive chemicals might migrate from the drainfield to ground or
surface water. Laboratory studies also show that some ingredients added to holding tanks interfere with functioning of activated
sludge treatment process. Experience in the field and in other laboratory studies suggests that factors such as dilution of
treated waste with untreated waste and the characteristics of the sewage to be treated can reduce the possibility of damage
to septic and activated sludge systems. The campground owners surveyed indicated that they have few problems with their septic
systems in spite of the presence of chemical additives in the RV waste. However, most of them practice good septic system
maintenance and have devised other means of ensuring that their systems function efficiently. In addition, the survey indicates
that most Virginia campgrounds get only seasonal use (as would marinas in Virginia), allowing their systems to recover between
peak seasons. 相似文献
22.
Diagenesis of Upper Carboniferous foreland shelf rocks in southeastern Kansas took place at temperatures as high as 100–150° C at a depth of less than 2 km. High temperatures are the result of the long distance (hundreds of kilometers) advection of groundwater related to collisional orogeny in the Ouachita tectonic belt to the south. Orogenic activity in the Ouachita area was broadly Late Carboniferous, equivalent to the Variscan activity of Europe. Mississippi Valley-type Pb-Zn deposits and oil and gas fields in the US midcontinent and elsewhere are commonly attributed to regional groundwater flow resulting from such collisional events. This paper describes the diagenesis and thermal effects in sandstone and limestone of Upper Carboniferous siliciclastic and limestone-shale cyclothems, the purported confining layer of a supposed regional aquifer. Diagenesis took place in early, intermediate, and late stages. Many intermediate and late stage events in the sandstones have equivalents in the limestones, suggesting that the causes were regional. The sandstone paragenesis includes siderite cement (early stage), quartz overgrowths (intermediate stage), dissolution of feldspar and carbonates, followed by minor Fe calcite, pore-filling kaolinite and sub-poikilotopic Ca ankerite (late stage). The limestone paragenesis includes calcite cement (early stage); megaquartz, chalcedony, and Fe calcite spar (intermediate stage); and dissolution, Ca-Fe dolomite and kaolinite (late stage). The R
m value of vitrinite shows a regional average of 0.6–0.7%; Rock-Eval T
maX suggests a comparable degree of organic maturity. The T
h of aqueous fluid inclusions in late stage Ca-Fe-Mg carbonates ranges from 90 to 160° and T
mice indicates very saline water (>200000 ppm NaCl equivalent); 18O suggests that the water is of basinal origin. Local warm spots have higher R
m, T
max, and T
h. The results constrain numerical models of regional fluid migration, which is widely viewed as an artesian flow from recharge areas in the Ouachita belt across the foreland basin onto the foreland shelf area. Such models must account for heating effects that extend at least 500 km from the orogenic front and affect both supposed aquifer beds and the overlying supposed confining layer. Warm spots indicate either more rapid or more prolonged flow locally. T
h and T
mice data show the highest temperatures coincided with high salinity fluids. 相似文献
23.
“Natural” agglutinins against sperm have been considered to be broadly specific. However, the clumping of sperm from one species of sea urchin in hemolymph from the crab Cardisoma guanhumi, revealed a narrowly specific agglutinin. Additional testing could establish the taxonomic distribution of the reacting antigen. 相似文献
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Baumann Matthias Israel Christoph Piquer-Rodríguez María Gavier-Pizarro Gregorio Volante José Norberto Kuemmerle Tobias 《Regional Environmental Change》2017,17(4):1179-1191
Regional Environmental Change - The dry forests of Latin America are among the most dynamic deforestation frontiers in the world and are important carbon and biodiversity reservoirs. Our knowledge... 相似文献
27.
28.
Using estimates of land suitable for restoration in woodlands, grasslands, and deserts, as well as estimates of the rate at
which restoration can proceed, we estimate that carbon storage in these biomes can range up to 0.8 billion tons of carbon
per year (Gt C/yr), for a combination of land management strategies. This corresponds to a reduction in atmospheric buildup
of 0.5 Gt C/yr, which represents up to 15% of the average annual atmospheric carbon buildup in the next century, 3.5 Gt C/yr,
assuming the IPCC 92d scenario. A global strategy for reducing atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration will require the implementation
of multiple options. The advantage of carbon storage in restored drylands is that it comes as a side benefit to programs that
are also justifiable in terms of land management. 相似文献
29.
Carl W. Chen Laura Weintraub Larry Olmsted Robert A. Goldstein 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》2004,40(6):1553-1562
ABSTRACT: The tailwater of Bridgewater Dam, below Lake James, North Carolina, is a designated trout stream. It has environmental attributes for a good cold water fishery with the exception of high suspended sediments. Muddy Creek, a tributary about 1.5 km downstream of the dam, is a major source of sediments. The Muddy Creek Watershed Restoration Initiative was established to develop and implement a sediment control plan. The Watershed Analysis Risk Management Framework was applied to simulate soil erosion and sedimentation and to help determine appropriate action. The simulated sediment concentrations of the river were comparable to observed data from November 1994 to November 2001. For the base condition, the sediment load was 135,000 kg/d from surface erosion and 1,300,000 kg/d from bank erosion. Increasing the buffer strip from existing 50 to 80 percent to 100 percent of stream segments would only reduce surface erosion to 70,400 kg/d with little change in sediment concentrations. Eliminating riverbank erosion would reduce the sediment load from 920,000 to 87,700 kg/d. The bank stabilization project would not only lower suspended sediment concentrations for Muddy Creek, but also reduce the lake sediment accumulation in the downstream Lake Rhodhiss by approximately 13 percent. 相似文献
30.
Israel Colon 《Journal of Safety Research》1984,15(4):159-162
In this study the relationship between the alcohol beverage purchase age and single-vehicle fatalities is examined. Two separate analyses, a bivariate cross-tabulation and a multiple regression, support the finding of a positive relationship between the purchase age and single-vehicle fatalities. This finding is explained by the neighboring state effect, i.e., minors in jurisdictions with high purchase ages drive to neighboring jurisdictions with lower age restrictions to purchase alcoholic beverages. A uniform national purchase age is recommended as a countermeasure. 相似文献