Non-random nectar unloading interactions between foragers and their receivers in the honeybee hive

Nectar acquisition in the honeybee Apis mellifera is a partitioned task in which foragers gather nectar and bring it to the hive, where nest mates unload via trophallaxis (i.e. mouth-to-mouth transfer) the collected food for further storage. Because forager mates exploit different feeding places simultaneously, this study addresses the question of whether nectar unloading interactions between foragers and hive-bees are established randomly, as it is commonly assumed. Two groups of foragers were trained to exploit a different scented food source for 5 days. We recorded their trophallaxes with hive-mates, marking the latter ones according to the forager group they were unloading. We found non-random probabilities for the occurrence of trophallaxes between experimental foragers and hive-bees, instead, we found that trophallactic interactions were more likely to involve groups of individuals which had formerly interacted orally. We propose that olfactory cues present in the transferred nectar promoted the observed bias, and we discuss this bias in the context of the organization of nectar acquisition: a partitioned task carried out in a decentralized insect society.     

Emergy evaluation of the environment and economy of Hong Kong

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斑岩钼矿床的大地构造分类

<正> 当前西方世界市场上金属钼的价格剧增,而且予料,在八十年代钼的消费量将持续增长。这使得寻找现今钼的主要来源一斑岩钼矿床的勘探工作加紧了步伐。最近的几篇评论文章对于斑岩钼矿床只认识到一种单一的广泛的成因类型,尽管也强调了根据矿带或容矿侵入体的几何形态可以再分成亚类。本文根据大地构造位置将斑岩钼矿分为两大类——与俯冲消亡有关的和与裂谷     

经济地质学家学会

<正> 经济地质学家学会的由来 经济地质学家学会(SEG)是1919年年底召开的,有大批美国地质学会(GSA)会员参加的一次会议的结果,这些与会成员对地质学矿产资源领域的应用都特别感兴趣。创始人包括16位杰出的著名人物,从中选出七人成立了组织委员会,这七位组委会成员可认为是广阔的矿产资源专业的代表。该领导小组慎重考虑了     

关于美国二恶英研究情况的报告

Ⅰ.背景八十年代初期,在美国环境中关于2,3,7,8-四氯二苯并二恶英(2,3,7.8-TCDD)的问题已引起公众的极大关注.例如:与氯化二苯并对二恶英和二苯并呋喃(CDD_s/CDF_s)的这种或那种化合物有联系的"试剂橙"(在越南使用的一种落叶剂)、2,4,5-三氯苯氧乙酸(一种除草剂)、工业废物的不适当处置(Love Canal和Times Beach),     

关于褶皱区铀矿床的近矿水云母交代岩

<正> 目前已知伴生铀矿化的交代变质岩有五种独立的建造类型:中温钠质交代岩和四种低温建造变质岩——钠质交代岩、钾质交代岩、黄铁细晶岩和热液泥质板岩。 作者在研究一个古生代褶皱区的热液铀矿床时,查明了近矿交代岩。按其矿物-地球化学特征,它们不同于上述的交代岩建造。仔细研究这些生成物可以判断;其中广泛发育有水云母化现象。此种情况,以     

Mechanics Principle and Engineering Application of Split Layer and Bed Separation of Mining Overburden

<正>To control land surface subsidence caused the underground mineral exploitation and the catastrophic phenomena such as serious damage of buildings, waterbodies, cultivated lands, railways, bridges caused by land subsidence, bed separation grouting technology of overburden is put forward. To provide theoretical support for the technology, the characteristics and the mechanics mechanism of mining overburden from layer-split to formation of bed separation are studied. On the basis of elastic sheet board theory, calculation formula of rock sheet deflection is presented, and the mechanics criteria of the separation formation and the calculation formula of bed separation volume are set up. Finally, the applications and technics of bed separation grout technology of mining overburden to control land subsidence in china are introduced.     

与橄榄岩矿物平衡的流体:地幔交代作用的含意

<正> 金云母橄榄岩实验1.实验结果表3列出了金云母橄榄岩组合的实验结果。这些实验是在1080—1100℃下进行的,这一温度正好在所研究的岩石组合的熔融温度之下。与金云母-顽火辉石-镁橄榄石平衡的流     

西澳大利亚博丁顿金矿床红土剖面的地球化学模式

<正> 在产有红土和铝土质红土的那些地体中,红土和铝土质红土形成了分布很广的、在很大程度上覆盖着基岩的盖层。但是意外的是,在已发表的有关勘探的文献中,将红土剖面成分与基岩成分进行对比以便确定红土可反映矿化的文章却不多。许多文章报道了地表红土在找矿中的应用(例如,Mazzucchelli和James,1966;Blain和Andrew,1977;Smith和Perdrx,1983),但是涉及红土剖面研究的那些文章主要     

火山成因矿床中金-银矿化与锡-银矿化的关系

近年来,在文献中就锡矿化和金矿化的关系问题发表了各种不同的观点。彼特罗夫斯卡娅(1973)认为,锡和钨、钼矿物构成的组合属于金矿床的排斥性的、非典型的矿物组合。涅克拉索夫(1973)以深成矿床为例指出,金和锡不是对抗元素,能形成这两种元素高度富集的综合矿床。马凯耶夫和波利托夫(1972)指出,苏联东部的中生代褶皱带的含锡构造中,锡矿化和金-银矿化在空间上是共生的。