城市饮用水消毒副产物及前体物的处理技术

介绍了饮用水中消毒副产物的前体物的控制和消除的策略与处理工艺，消毒副产物的前体物处理技术及近年发展起来的饮用水生物处理技术及其发展前景。     

置障管道内天然气爆炸过程微观特性数值模拟研究

为揭示障碍物对于火焰传播过程中的激励作用,采用Zimont火焰面模型对内置不同阻塞率障碍物的密闭管道内天然气-空气预混气体的燃爆过程进行数值模拟,结果表明障碍物对于天然气燃爆过程中火焰传播的激励作用明显,火焰传播经历了从层流向湍流的转变过程,70%阻塞率时激励作用达到最大,火焰前锋速度达到了1 156 m/s,管道内最大爆炸压力达到1.02 MPa;火焰传播至障碍物处时,不同阻塞率障碍物场中湍流动能峰值变化趋势基本一致,且高湍流动能区的分布与湍流动能峰值发生剧烈变化。     

有机肥施用对田面水氮磷流失风险的影响

为探明化肥配施有机肥对田面水氮、磷流失及水稻系统养分吸收的影响,采用田间小区试验,设置常规施肥处理（FN）、常规施肥减氮磷量20%处理（F0）、减氮磷20%+有机肥处理（F1~F4处理有机肥施用量分别为1 500、3 000、4 500和6 000 kg/hm2）共6个处理,探索化肥减量20%配施有机肥的最优组合.结果表明:不同施肥处理下,田面水中ρ（TN）、ρ（NH₄+-N）均于施肥后第1天达到峰值,随后迅速下降,于第7天后逐渐趋于稳定,ρ（TN）和ρ（NH₄+-N）分别维持在各自峰值的5.1%~10.9%与4.8%~9.6%,田面水中ρ（TP）的变化趋势与ρ（TN）相似;F0与F1处理均能有效降低田面水中ρ（TN）和ρ（TP）.与FN处理相比,F1处理下ρ（TN）、ρ（NH₄+-N）与ρ（TP）平均值分别降低了6.5%、9.1%和3.1%,该处理能够有效地降低氮、磷养分流失风险,且增施有机肥可使水稻增产0.2%~19.8%,地上部分氮、磷累积量随有机肥施用量的增加而显著增加（P < 0.05）.综合水稻产量、养分吸收和田面水养分动态等指标发现,F1处理不仅能提高区域双季稻产量,还能有效控制田面水氮、磷养分浓度,降低氮、磷地表径流产生的农田面源污染风险,是针对南方双季稻田的一项"控源节流"优化施肥模式.      

太湖流域湖荡湿地水生植物的分布特征

2018年在太湖流域内的87个湖荡湿地调查中共发现64种水生植物,隶属于33科51属.总体来看,太湖流域水生植物种类、数量以及覆盖面积与历史上比较呈下降趋势.根据流域上不同地理区域分区（东、西、南、北4个）,分析太湖流域水生植物的分类和功能多样性,发现太湖流域四个区域的分类α多样性指数分别为4.33、5.58、5.01和3.46, β多样性指数分别为3.46、4.23、1.63和7.02,且北部和西部、北部和南部、东部和西部、东部和南部、西部和南部湖荡湿地的分类α多样性均有显著差异,同时太湖流域北部和东部、北部和西部、北部和南部、西部和南部湖荡湿地间的分类β多样性有显著差异.功能多样性方面,四个区域的β多样性指数分别为0.18、0.14、0.09、0.30,太湖流域各分区部分之间水生植物的功能β多样性均有显著差异.CCA结果表明环境变量对太湖流域湖荡水生植物组成的解释度为21.21%,水体总氮和总磷贡献最大,水体富营养化可能是影响太湖流域水生植物衰退的一个重要原因.     

Characterization of a new smog chamber for evaluating SAPRC gas-phase chemical mechanism

A new state-of-the-art indoor smog chamber facility (CAPS-ZJU) has been constructed and characterized at Zhejiang University, which is designed for chemical mechanism evaluation under well-controlled conditions. A series of characterization experiments were performed to validate the well-established experimental protocols, including temperature variation pattern, light spectrum and equivalent intensity (J_NO2), injection and mixing performance, as well as gases and particle wall loss. In addition, based on some characterization experiments, the auxiliary wall mechanism has been setup and examined. Fifty chamber experiments were performed across a broad range of experimental scenarios, and we demonstrated the ability to utilize these chamber data for evaluating SAPRC chemical mechanism. It was found that the SAPRC-11 can well predict the O₃ formation and NO oxidation for almost all propene runs, with 6 hr Δ(O₃ – NO) model error of –3% ± 7%, while the final O₃ was underestimated by ~20% for isoprene experiments. As for toluene and p-xylene experiments, it was confirmed that SAPRC-11 has significant improvement on aromatic chemistry than earlier version of SAPRC-07, although the aromatic decay rate was still underestimated to some extent. The model sensitivity test has been carried out, and the most sensitive parameters identified are the initial concentrations of reactants and the light intensity as well as HONO offgasing rate and O₃ wall loss rate. All of which demonstrated that CAPS-ZJU smog chamber could derive high quality experimental data, and could provide insights on chamber studies and chemical mechanism development.     

Catalytic ozonation treatment of papermaking wastewater by Ag-doped NiFe2O4: Performance and mechanism

The catalytic ozonation treatment of secondary biochemical effluent for papermaking wastewater by Ag-doped nickel ferrite was investigated. Ag-doped catalysts prepared by sol-gel method were characterized, illustrating that Ag entirely entered the crystalline of NiFe₂O₄ and changed the surface properties. The addition of catalyst enhanced the removal efficiency of chemical oxygen demand and total organic carbon. The results of gas chromatography-mass spectrometer, ultraviolet light absorbance at 254 nm and three-dimensional fluorescence excitation-emission matrix suggested that aromatic compounds were efficiently degraded and toxic substances, such as dibutyl phthalate. In addition, the radical scavenging experiments confirmed the hydroxyl radicals acted as the main reactive oxygen species and the surface properties of catalysts played an important role in the reaction. Overall, this work validated potential applications of Ag-doped NiFe₂O₄ catalyzed ozonation process of biologically recalcitrant wastewater.     

二龙湖表层水体有色溶解有机物的光学特性及来源

CDOM（colored dissolved organic material,有色溶解有机物）的光学特性可反映水体中内源物质与外源物质的比例,为了解二龙湖受到上游来水所含污染物的影响,利用荧光区域一体化技术和荧光指数分析水体中CDOM的荧光特性,进而判定水体污染状况,并结合CDOM荧光组分与水质参数之间的关系,探讨了不同季节二龙湖水体中CDOM光学特性在时空分布上的差异性以及CDOM的组成与来源.结果表明:①水相中CDOM表现出明显的季节性差异.其中,光谱斜率S_g（275~295 nm）和E_{250 nm:365 nm}〔a_CDOM（250）/a_CDOM（365）〕均表现为丰水期>平水期>枯水期,SUVA_{254 nm}表现为枯水期>平水期>丰水期.②水体中的荧光组分以外源组分R3（富里酸类物质）和R5（腐殖酸类物质）为主,在枯水期、丰水期和平水期分别占总荧光强度的70.0%、60.4%和51.3%.③在丰水期、枯水期、平水期,FI_{310 nm}平均值均大于0.8,FI_{370 nm}平均值均小于1.4,表明在3个水文期,微生物活动带来的内源CDOM在二龙湖南部较为明显.④ρ（DOC）（dissolved organic carbon,溶解性有机碳）与CDOM的荧光组分R2（色氨酸类组分）、R4（可溶性微生物副产物组分）和R5（腐殖酸类组分）均具有较好的相关性,相关系数（R）分别为0.71、0.80、0.73,表明DOC主要源于微生物代谢的可溶性副产物及浮游植物的降解.研究显示:水体中CDOM主要组成为内源的色氨酸与微生物蛋白质类副产物以及外源的富里酸类与腐殖酸类有机物;同时,由于冰冻、降水、生活污水排放、农业废水和水生植物等因素,导致湖泊中的CDOM的组分与来源十分复杂.      

持久性有机污染物(POPs)超临界水修复技术的发展与展望

持久性有机污染物（POPs）具有持久性生物累积性、半挥发性和长距离迁移的性质,广泛位于土壤、废水和污泥中。我国目前面临的POPs污染问题日益严峻。由于超临界水修复技术具有快速、高效、无毒等优点,在POPs修复方面具有较好的应用前景。从超临界水特性、国内外超临界水修复技术等方面系统分析了国内外超临界水修复的研究现状、超临界水修复技术的优缺点和适用性,提出了超临界水修复关键技术及装备系统,以期为其发展和提升提供参考。     

电源模式对ADC12高硅铝合金微弧氧化膜层组织与性能的影响

目的探究三种电源模式对ADC12高硅铝合金微弧氧化膜层性能的影响,从中选择对其微弧氧化膜层性能较优的电源模式。方法在三种不同电源模式(交流电源、单极性脉冲电源和双极性脉冲电源)的条件下,应用微弧氧化(MAO)技术在ADC12高硅铝合金表面制备了陶瓷膜层,并采用扫描电镜(SEM)、X射线衍射仪(XRD)、显微硬度计、摩擦磨损试验机等手段表征ADC12铝合金微弧氧化膜层的显微组织与性能。结果三种电源模式下微弧氧化膜层中都存在α-Al_2O_3、γ-Al_2O_3和Al9Si等物相;双脉冲模式下制备的微弧氧化膜层的致密性最好,厚度为15μm,硬度达到719 HV,摩擦系数为1.2左右,膜层与基体开始脱落的载荷为25.8 N。交流模式下制备的微弧氧化膜层膜厚较低,厚度为9μm,硬度达到698 HV,摩擦系数为1.35左右,膜层与基体开始脱落的载荷为19.5 N。单极性模式下制备的微弧氧化膜层厚度为17μm,但硬度为706 HV,摩擦系数为1.35左右,膜层与基体开始脱落的载荷为13.09 N。结论通过三种电源模式的比较,ADC12高硅铝合金在双极性脉冲电源模式下制得膜层的综合性能较好。