STAC有机膨润土的表征及其处理垃圾渗滤液的研究

文章以钙基蒙脱石为原料,经钠化后与十八烷基三甲基氯化铵(又称1831,简称STAC)进行离子交换反应,合成有机膨润土,通过XRD、IR 、SEM等测试仪,对有机膨润土的结构进行了分析,同时利用改性后的STAC有机膨润土对某垃圾填埋场中的渗滤液进行处理,用GC/MS对处理前后垃圾渗滤液中主要有机组分进行了分析,结果表明,...     

北方某钢铁厂部分厂区土壤重金属污染的初步调查

对北方某即将搬迁钢铁厂的部分厂区土壤重金属进行了初步调查,主要利用SPSS相关和变异分析、Surfer空间分析及归一化处理对重金属污染的空间分布特征进行了描述。一区污染最为严重,有Hg、Mn、Zn、As、Cr和Cu;二区污染物主要为As、Pb和Zn;三区污染主要有As、Cr和Co;四区污染物有Cr、Co、Mn、Cu和Pb,污染相对较低。研究为调查区域搬迁后的土地规划提供了科学依据。     

土壤pH、Eh对土壤-苦丁茶树系统中铅分布的影响

以苫丁茶冬青(Ilex kudingcha C.J.Tseng)扦插苗(15个月生)进行盆栽实验,通过土施H2SO4、Ca(OH)2和复合肥,改变土壤pH和氧化还原电位(Eh),研究土壤pH、Eh条件对土壤-苦丁茶树系统中铅分布的影响.结果表明:在所研究的土壤pH范围内,从酸性到碱性变化,铅在土壤中含量分布趋于减少,在...     

PU合成革废水治理分析

生产聚氨酯（PU）合成革的废水中含有高浓度有机物,其中N,N-二甲基甲酰胺（DMF）毒性大,难生物降解.文章阐述了合成革的生产工艺,分析该过程中DMF废水形成阶段、处理现状及其处理方法.结合各种方法的优缺点,展望了DMF废水的处理研究方向.     

鄂尔多斯市城市道路交通噪声的现状分析及防治对策——以东胜区为例

通过分析鄂尔多斯市2007—2010年东胜区道路交通噪声污染现状,指出存在的主要问题,提出了相应的污染控制及防治措施,为有效改善城市道路交通噪声污染提供科学依据。     

Carbonyl emissions from heavy-duty diesel vehicle exhaust in China and the contribution to ozone formation potential

Fifteen heavy-duty diesel vehicles were tested on chassis dynamometer by using typical heavy duty driving cycle and fuel economy cycle. The air from the exhaust was sampled by 2,4- dinitrophenyhydrazine cartridge and 23 carbonyl compounds were analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography. The average emission factor of carbonyls was 97.2 mg/km, higher than that of light-duty diesel vehicles and gasoline-powered vehicles. Formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, acetone and propionaidehyde were the species with the highest emission factors. Main influencing factors for carbonyl emissions were vehicle type, average speed and regulated emission standard, and the impact of vehicle loading was not evident in this study. National emission of carbonyls from diesel vehicles exhaust was calculated for China, 2011, based on both vehicle miles traveled and fuel consumption. Carbonyl emission of diesel vehicle was estimated to be 45.8 Gg, and was comparable to gasolinepowered vehicles （58.4 Gg）. The emissions of formaldehyde, acetaldehyde and acetone were 12.6, 6.9, 3.8 Gg, respectively. The ozone formation potential of carbonyls from diesel vehicles exhaust was 537 mg O3/km, higher than 497 mg O3/km of none-methane hydrocarbons emitted from diesel vehicles.     

Quantitative method to determine the regional drinking water odorant regulation goals based on odor sensitivity distribution：Illustrated using 2-MIB

Taste and odor （T/O） in drinking water often cause consumer complaints and are thus regulated in many countries. However, people in different regions may exhibit different sensitivities toward WO. This study proposed a method to determine the regional drinking water odorant regulation goals （ORGs） based on the odor sensitivity distribution of the local population. The distribution of odor sensitivity to 2-methylisobomeol （2-MIB） by the local population in Beijing, China was revealed by using a normal distribution function/model to describe the odor complaint response to a 2-MIB episode in 2005, and a 2-MIB concentration of 12.9 ng/L and FPA （flavor profile analysis） intensity of 2.5 was found to be the critical point to cause odor complaints. Thus the Beijing ORG for 2-MIB was determined to be 12.9 ng/L. Based on the assumption that the local FPA panel can represent the local population in terms of sensitivity to odor, and that the critical FPA intensity causing odor complaints was 2.5, this study tried to determine the ORGs for seven other cities of China by performing FPA tests using an FPA panel from the corresponding city. ORG values between 12.9 and 31.6 ng/L were determined, showing that a unified ORG may not be suitable for drinking water odor regulations. This study presents a novel approach for setting drinking water odor regulations.     

海州湾表层沉积物重金属的来源特征及风险评价

根据2009年12月海州湾海域17个站位的环境调查资料,通过地统计学方法分析表层沉积物中6种重金属(Cd、As、Cu、Pb、Cr、Zn)的来源特征,采用潜在生态风险指数法进行重金属风险评价.结果表明,重金属分布格局整体呈西南高东北低、随离岸距离增大而减小的趋势;陆源污染输入是海州湾海域重金属的重要污染来源;有机碳含量、底质粒径和硫化物是影响重金属含量及其分布的重要因素;风险评价显示海州湾沉积物重金属总体处于中等生态风险状况,风险相对较高主要分布在龙王河口到临洪河口的近岸海域,潜在生态风险指数Cd>As>Cu>Pb>Cr>Zn,Cd是主要的生态风险贡献因子.     

温带典型草原土壤总有机碳及溶解性有机碳对模拟氮沉降的响应

2008年5月～2011年10月,以内蒙古温带典型草原为研究对象,利用小区模拟控制试验,设置对照[0 g·(m2·a)-1]、低氮[5 g·(m2·a)-1]、中氮[10 g·(m2·a)-1]、高氮[20 g·(m2·a)-1]这4个净氮输入量处理,模拟研究了大气氮沉降水平变化对土壤总有机碳(TOC)以及溶解性有机碳(DOC)含量、年际变化及其垂直分布格局的影响,并分析了两者之间的关系.结果表明,除个别年份外,土壤TOC与DOC含量均随土壤深度增加而递减,4 a的连续施氮并未改变土壤TOC与DOC的垂直分布规律,但施氮降低了土壤TOC的垂直变异,增加了土壤DOC的垂直变异;施氮4 a对于草地表层0～20 cm土壤TOC与DOC含量的变化并未表现出显著影响(P>0.05).不同氮输入水平处理0～20 cm土层有机碳密度在3.9～5.6 kg·m-2之间变动,试验前两年不同氮处理0～20 cm土壤有机碳密度均低于对照或与对照接近,试验后两年,施氮对土壤总有机碳密度逐渐呈现出一定的促进作用,但与对照的差异仍不显著(P>0.05);不同处理0～20 cm土层DOC/TOC约为0.32%～1.09%,氮输入增加普遍降低了DOC在整个TOC中所占的比例;草地土壤TOC与DOC的变化呈显著正相关(P<0.01).不同处理草地土壤DOC随时间的变异均远大于TOC,与TOC相比,草地土壤DOC的变化更为迅速,是研究草地土壤碳库对氮沉降变化响应的重要敏感性指标.     

典型岩溶土壤微生物丰度与多样性及其对碳循环的指示意义

探讨土壤微生物指标的变化规律,用于揭示其在岩溶土壤碳循环中的指示意义.以桂林岩溶试验场洼地、坡地和垭口这3种岩溶地貌形态下的剖面(0~10、10~20、20~30cm)土壤为研究对象,采用聚合酶链式反应-变性梯度凝胶电泳(PCRDGGE)和荧光定量PCR相结合的方法,分析这个典型岩溶土壤剖面中的微生物多样性和丰度变化.数据显示,16S rRNA最高丰度出现在洼地,为1.32×1011拷贝·g-1,而18S rRNA最高丰度出现在垭口,为1.12×1010拷贝·g-1;洼地和垭口剖面的16S rRNA丰度随着深度的增加而降低,3种岩溶地貌形态的18S rRNA丰度均随着剖面深度的增加而降低,与土壤有机碳质量分数的变化趋势一致.但是,在3种岩溶地貌形态中,3个16S rRNA和6个18S rRNA的多样性指数均随土壤剖面深度的增加而增大.由于16S rRNA和18S rRNA的多样性与丰度和土壤有机碳之间总体上表现出相反的变化趋势,说明微生物丰度指标在土壤碳循环中的指示意义比微生物多样性指数更重要.