不同水淹条件下河岸带优势植物类群的生理与生态响应特征

为探究水淹胁迫下河岸带植物的生理和形态变化特征及其响应机制,以乐安河河岸带采集的优势植物类群狗牙根（Cynodon dactylon）、牛鞭草（Hemarthria altissima）、喜旱莲子草（Alternanthera philoxeroides）和蓼子草（Polygonum hydropiper）为材料,在室内进行土壤盆栽培养,利用钢化玻璃水缸控制水位,设置对照、浸润、半淹、全淹4种不同水淹胁迫条件,测定不同胁迫周期各物种的叶绿素含量、光合指标、荧光参数、荧光成像的变化及形态学变化特征,分析各物种对水淹胁迫的抗逆响应.结果表明:短时间（7 d）水淹胁迫下,浸润组、半淹组和全淹组各植物的w（Chlt）（叶绿素总量）、P_n（净光合速率）、T_r（蒸腾速率）、QY_max（最大量子产率）、株高、叶片数等指标与对照组相比总体呈降低趋势,其中浸润组植物叶片中w（Chlt）、P_n、QY_max等均略高于对照组（CK）,而C_i（胞间CO₂浓度）呈上升趋势,NPQ_lss（非光化学淬灭）呈先降后升趋势;长时间（14 d）水淹胁迫下,各植物的上述生理、形态学指标的变化规律与短时间水淹胁迫下基本一致,其中全淹条件下各植物的w（Chlt）、P_n和叶片数在较短期水淹胁迫下大幅下降,各植物3个指标分别显著（P < 0.05）低于对照组,显著差异值分别为:狗牙根100%、100%、100%;牛鞭草62.3%、67.9%、63.8%;喜旱莲子草73.6%、83.2%、89.6%;蓼子草54.5%、100%、100%,狗牙根和蓼子草在全淹条件下接近死亡.研究显示,水淹胁迫对4种植物的生长有不同程度的抑制,同时植物也做出抵消胁迫的抗逆响应.      

Soil Carbon Sequestration Potential for “Grain for Green” Project in Loess Plateau,China

Conversion of cropland into perennial vegetation land can increase soil organic carbon (SOC) accumulation, which might be an important mitigation measure to sequester carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. The “Grain for Green” project, one of the most ambitious ecological programmes launched in modern China, aims at transforming the low-yield slope cropland into grassland and woodland. The Loess Plateau in China is the most important target of this project due to its serious soil erosion. The objectives of this study are to answer three questions: (1) what is the rate of the SOC accumulation for this “Grain for Green” project in Loess Plateau? (2) Is there a difference in SOC sequestration among different restoration types, including grassland, shrub and forest? (3) Is the effect of restoration types on SOC accumulation different among northern, middle and southern regions of the Loess Plateau? Based on analysis of the data collected from the literature conducted in the Loess Plateau, we found that SOC increased at a rate of 0.712 TgC/year in the top 20 cm soil layer for 60 years under this project across the entire Loess Plateau. This was a relatively reliable estimation based on current data, although there were some uncertainties. Compared to grassland, forest had a significantly greater effect on SOC accumulation in middle and southern Loess Plateau but had a weaker effect in the northern Loess Plateau. There were no differences found in SOC sequestration between shrub and grassland across the entire Loess Plateau. Grassland had a stronger effect on SOC sequestration in the northern Loess Plateau than in the middle and southern regions. In contrast, forest could increase more SOC in the middle and southern Loess Plateau than in the northern Loess Plateau, whereas shrub had a similar effect on SOC sequestration across the Loess Plateau. Our results suggest that the “Grain for Green” project can significantly increase the SOC storage in Loess Plateau, and it is recommended to expand grassland and shrub areas in the northern Loess Plateau and forest in the middle and southern Loess Plateau to enhance the SOC sequestration in this area.     

岷江下游小型集水区3种人工林对降雨重金属含量的影响

为了解人工林对大气污染物质的过滤作用,分析研究了2011年11月10日到2012年3月4日期间7次降雨中,岷江下游 (五通桥段)一个小型集水区中水杉人工林、杉木人工林和巨桉人工林穿透水和树干茎流中的4种重金属 (Cd、Cu、Pb、Zn)含量特征.结果表明,3种人工林大气降雨、穿透水和树干茎流重金属含量呈现一致的规律,按平均值大小排列为:Zn>Pb> Cu >Cd.3种人工林穿透水重金属含量差异不显著,水杉人工林与杉木人工林树干茎流中重金属Cd、Cu和Pb含量存在显著差异.巨桉和水杉人工林对重金属Cd和Zn有较强的过滤作用,杉木林和巨桉林对重金属Cu和Pb的过滤作用较强.Pb在3种人工林中的含量均超过国家《生活饮用水卫生标准》.3种人工林穿透水和树干茎流Cd、Pb和Zn的淋溶系数小于1,为负淋溶,杉木树干茎流Cu的淋溶系数大于1,为正淋溶.大气降雨重金属含量与降雨量之间存在显著的负相关关系,水杉人工林穿透水Cu含量、杉木人工林穿透水Cd和Cu含量、巨桉人工林穿透水和树干茎流Cd和Cu含量与降雨量之间存在显著的负相关关系.     

Trichloroethylene degradation by PVA-coated calcium peroxide nanoparticles in Fe(II)-based catalytic systems: enhanced performance by citric acid and nanoscale iron sulfide

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - In this study, the enhanced trichloroethylene (TCE) degradation performance was investigated by polyvinyl alcohol coated calcium peroxide...     

残余应力对焊接角接头裂纹扩展性能的影响分析

目的 分析焊接残余应力对角接接头裂纹扩展特性的影响。方法 基于热弹塑性力学法,建立角接头的有限元模型,计算焊接温度场,并采用热机耦合方法计算焊接残余应力。采用断裂力学方法,分析计算焊趾部位的应力强度因子和裂纹扩展寿命,并对比分析残余应力对裂纹扩展的影响。结果 计算得到焊缝的残余应力达到了材料屈服极限,呈拉伸应力状态,其Von Mises应力值为345 MPa。在应力为200 MPa以内,考虑残余应力的前提下,分别使用文献试验得到的数据和IIW标准中的数据作为裂纹扩展参数,应力比R=–1时的裂纹扩展寿命分别为2.61×10⁶和6.84×10⁵次循环;在应力比R=0时的裂纹扩展寿命分别为1.16×10⁵和2.90×10⁴次循环。结论 残余应力会加速裂纹扩展。采用控制变量法,将应力范围设定为常值,当应力比R<0时,残余应力扩大了应力强度因子的范围;在应力比R>0时,残余应力一方面会增大最大应力强度因子,使其接近材料的断裂韧度,同时拉伸残余也提高了平均应力强度因子或者提高了应力比R,在这种情况下,残余应力均会加速裂纹的扩展速度。随着裂纹长度的增加,残余应力对裂纹扩展速率的影响会增大。外载荷和残余应力共同对裂纹扩展产生影响,应力比R和残余应力对裂纹扩展的影响机制相同,在焊接结构寿命评估时,需要综合考虑这2个影响因素。     

短期氮添加对黄土高原人工刺槐林土壤有机碳组分的影响

人类活动背景下,氮(N)沉降持续影响着生态系统的碳循环.氮沉降对土壤有机碳的影响与不同碳组分的差异性响应有关.为探究短期氮沉降背景下土壤有机碳组分变化及其影响因素,基于野外氮添加试验,以刺槐人工林为研究对象,共设置4个氮添加梯度：0(CK)、1.5(N1)、3(N2)和6(N3) g·(m²·a)^-1,分别在6月和9月进行取样,测定土壤理化性质、微生物生物量和酶活性.结果表明：(1)外源氮输入降低了土壤pH,促进可溶性有机碳含量的增加,增加了土壤氮素有效性.(2)短期氮添加显著降低了土壤有机碳含量,且有机碳各组分对氮添加响应不同.其中,易氧化有机碳含量显著降低,且在N2处理下达到最低,与对照相比分别降低了54.4%和48.2%,惰性有机碳含量增加,但增加不显著.氮添加降低了土壤碳库活度,提高了土壤碳库的稳定性.土壤碳库活度分别在N3和N2处理下达到最低,与对照相比分别降低了53.3%和52.80%.(3)随机森林模型表明,短期氮添加下土壤微生物生物量化学计量比、微生物生物量碳和AP是驱动土壤有机碳活度变化的关键因子,分别解释了易氧化有机碳和惰...     

山洪对汶川县村镇建筑的破坏特征及影响因素分析∗

受“5·12”汶川大地震对地表强烈扰动影响,汶川县近年来山洪灾害频发,对当地村镇房屋造成了严重破坏。 汶川县 2019 年和 2020 年连续两年发生了“8·20”和“8·17”群发性特大山洪灾害,以两场山洪灾害中部分受损村镇建筑为研究对象,通过灾情数据挖掘和典型案例分析,总结了不同结构类型建筑破坏特征、沿河建筑破坏程度空间差异性和建筑遮掩效应等破坏特点以及冲击、冲刷、淤埋、浸泡等破坏方式。根据调研分析,结合山洪破坏特征,对现有建筑破坏等级标准进行改进,提出了山洪灾害下村镇建筑破坏分级标准。应用随机森林算法和统计分析方法, 从水深暴露性、选址暴露性、物理脆弱性等方面综合分析了建筑洪灾破坏的主要影响因素及其作用关系。最后基于建筑受灾破坏情况分析,提出了提高山区村镇建筑防洪减灾能力的对策和建议。     

Response of ammonia-oxidizing archaea to heavy metal contamination in freshwater sediment

It has been well-documented that the distribution of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria(AOB) and archaea(AOA) in soils can be affected by heavy metal contamination, whereas information about the impact of heavy metal on these ammonia-oxidizing microorganisms in freshwater sediment is still lacking. The present study explored the change of sediment ammonia-oxidizing microorganisms in a freshwater reservoir after being accidentally contaminated by industrial discharge containing high levels of metals. Bacterial amoA gene was found to be below the quantitative PCR detection and was not successfully amplified by conventional PCR. The number of archaeal amoA gene in reservoir sediments were 9.62 × 10~2–1.35 × 10~7 copies per gram dry sediment. AOA abundance continuously decreased, and AOA richness, diversity and community structure also considerably varied with time. Therefore, heavy metal pollution could have a profound impact on freshwater sediment AOA community. This work could expand our knowledge of the effect of heavy metal contamination on nitrification in natural ecosystems.     

基于细菌学研究改性生物炭对抗生素的降解机制

分别选取3个裂解温度下制备的改性生物炭——MBC350,MBC500和MBC700,2种抗生素——磺胺甲噁唑（SMX）和氯霉素（CAP）,考察MBCs对SMX和CAP生物降解的影响及生物降解过程中Pseudomonas stutzeri和Shewanella putrefaciens的细菌学特征.结果表明,在低浓度MBCs培养的细菌体系中,SMX和CAP的去除主要依靠细菌P.stutzeri和S.putrefaciens的生物降解;而在高浓度MBCs培养的细菌体系中,SMX和CAP的去除主要依靠MBCs的吸附.其主要是由于随着MBCs浓度的增加,对SMX和CAP的吸附量提高,同时促进细菌的繁殖,导致溶液中较少的SMX和CAP被细菌生物降解.MBCs提高了P.stutzeri细胞膜中饱和脂肪酸含量,抑制了S.putrefaciens中饱和脂肪酸的合成.特别是P.stutzeri中脂肪酸C10：0和C15：1,cis-10消失;而S.putrefaciens中逆式脂肪酸C14：1,cis-9和C15：1,cis-10生成.此外,应用基因绝对定量技术发现MBCs显著提高了细菌P.stutzeri的基因表达拷贝数,抑制了S.putrefaciens的基因表达拷贝数.但细菌P.stutzeri和S.putrefaciens的基因表达拷贝数均随着MBCs浓度的增加而增加.因此,本研究表明低浓度MBCs有利于SMX和CAP的生物降解,而高浓度MBCs促进细菌的生长量,脂肪酸和基因表达拷贝数.     

氮磷添加下黄土丘陵区退耕草地土壤呼吸速率日变化特征

为探究黄土丘陵区退耕草地土壤呼吸及其组分日变化对氮磷添加的响应,采用裂区试验设计,主区施氮[0,50和100kg N/（hm²·a）]和副区施磷[0,40和80kg P₂O₅/（hm²·a）],于2019年5~8月每月测定各处理下土壤呼吸速率、异养呼吸速率及土壤温度和含水量日变化.结果表明,土壤呼吸速率及其组分日变化均呈单峰曲线,峰值出现在12：00~14：00.与不施肥相比,土壤呼吸、异养呼吸和自养呼吸速率在单施氮下分别增加7.31%~13.13%,1.12%~12.43%和7.64%~46.26%,单施磷下分别增加16.84%~18.42%,11.48%~14.22%和17.15%~29.59%,氮磷配施下分别增加24.17%~27.30%,21.94%~32.43%和34.05%~41.26%.不同氮磷添加下土壤呼吸、异养呼吸和自养呼吸碳排放量昼占比分别为52.68%~61.37%,50.92%~58.70%和51.39%~76.35%.50kg N/（hm²·a）和80kg P₂O₅/（hm²·a）配施处理的土壤累积CO₂排放量（2012g/m²）最高,不施肥处理的土壤累积CO₂排放量（1531g/m²）最低.各处理的土壤呼吸,异养呼吸和自养呼吸均与土壤温度呈显著指数正相关关系,其温度敏感性（Q₁₀）变化范围分别为1.19~1.86,1.08~1.81和1.11~3.67,氮磷添加降低异养呼吸的Q₁₀值,但提高自养呼吸的Q₁₀值.总体表明,氮磷添加增加土壤呼吸及其组分速率,降低异养呼吸的温度敏感性,氮磷添加对土壤呼吸及其组分速率的促进效果与氮磷添加量及其配比有关.