三氯苯在淮河流域(江苏段)沉积物上的吸附特性及影响因素

研究了三氯苯类疏水性有机化合物在淮河流域(江苏段)沉积物上的吸附特性,利用正交设计方法探讨了吸附质初始浓度、吸附剂浓度和pH值等环境因子对吸附过程的影响.结果表明:在本实验条件下,淮河流域(江苏段)沉积物对三氯苯的吸附等温线呈线性,分配作用占主导地位.采用SPSS对正交实验结果进行分析表明:不同环境因子对吸附的影响程度不同.在所考察的环境因子中吸附质初始浓度影响程度最大.在河水中,吸附质初始浓度对三氯苯在沉积物上吸附的影响特别显著,而pH 值对三氯苯在同一沉积物上的吸附几乎没有影响.     

电力工业的可持续发展与绿色电力

文章从可持续发展的角度详细阐述了电力工业可持续发展的内涵,从能源结构、环境保护和资源利用等方面提出中国电力工业实施可持续发展的必要性,并提出实现电力工业可持续发展的途径是采用新型发电技术加强环境保护,节约能源并开发新能源,重点对绿色电力进行分析,提出积极发展绿色电力。     

有机磷酸酯类化合物的定量结构-活性关系及稳健性分析

应用理论线性溶剂化能关系（TLSER）模型研究了35种有机磷酸酯类（OP）化合物的结构及其对家蝇急性毒性之间的关系,得到了可以指示毒性作用机理的定量结构-活性关系．在OP化合物与生物体的作用过程中,分子的极性是影响活性的最重要因素,表明OP化合物可能与生物体发生特异性反应．采用Bootstrap方法分析模型的稳健性,结果表明,模型的系数、标准误差及相关系数均与Bootstrap估计接近,模型具有较强的稳健性．     

基于数据驱动的汽车部件温度预测模型研究

目的 基于某汽车在中国吐鲁番地区自然暴露的部件温度变化试验数据,预测该车在美国凤凰城地区气象环境下的汽车部件温度变化。方法 把汽车部件的温度作为输出变量,提取影响汽车部件温度变化的关键特征(试验时间、大气温度、太阳辐照)作为输入变量,同时运用公式对不同纬度地区部件受到的太阳辐照进行修正,以消除地理位置的影响。利用Python等软件构建机器学习模型,用吐鲁番试验数据训练模型,然后预测该车部件在美国凤凰城地区的温度变化。结果 梯度提升机模型具有良好的泛化能力和预测精度,其预测值与实际值的平均绝对误差均在3.3°以内,拟合优度R²均大于0.90。BP神经网络和随机森林算法模型也具有较好的预测精度。结论 利用汽车在我国试验站点进行的自然暴露试验数据,可以预测该汽车部件在国外相似地区气象条件下的温度变化。该研究对于依据汽车部件在我国的自然暴露试验结果预测其他国家相似地区自然环境下汽车部件的温度变化具有一定的指导意义。     

基于故障树理论的舰船海水管系腐蚀失效原因分析及应用

针对某型船板式冷却器B10海水管路频繁穿孔漏水问题,本文基于故障树分析理论,以故障海水管路的腐蚀环境、腐蚀形貌和腐蚀机理为层次,将可能导致海水管路穿孔漏水的各种因素作为底事件列出,通过逻辑联系形成上述问题管路的故障树模型。在逐一分析故障树各项底事件的发生原因和典型表现后,将故障原因定位为B10管路与冷却器钛合金板片之间发生异种金属电偶腐蚀,并进行了原理复现,以验证分析的正确性,最终提出包括增加电绝缘组件在内的一系列治理措施,在船上实施后,取得了较好的治理效果。该分析方法可为各类舰船海水管路腐蚀问题的分析定位和治理防护提供借鉴。     

Holographic quantitative structure-activity relationship for prediction acute toxicity of benzene derivatives to the guppy (Poecilia reticulata)

Holographic quantitative structure-activity relationship(HQSAR) is an emerging QSAR technique with the combined application of molecular hologram, which encoded the frequency of occurrence of various molecular fragment types, and the subsequent partial least squares(PLS) regression analysis. In this paper, the acute toxicity data to the guppy( poecilia reticulata) for a series of 56 substituted benzenes, phenols, aromatic amines and nitro-aromatics were subjected and this resulted in a model with a high predictive ability. The influence of fragment size and fragment distinction parameters on the quality of HQSAR model was investigated. The robustness and predictive ability of the model were also validated by leave-one-out (LOO) cross-validation procedure and external testing data set.     

鄱阳湖白鹤保护区微塑料表面微生物群落结构特征

微塑料作为一种新型污染物所带来的环境问题越来越受到关注.以鄱阳湖五星垦殖场白鹤保护区为研究区,采集沉积物(SL)及不同类型微塑料样品,微塑料的主要类型是薄膜类(PE)、碎片类(PP1)、纤维类(PP2)和发泡类(PS),聚合物被确定为聚乙烯、聚丙烯和聚苯乙烯.采用16S高通量测序鉴定微生物(细菌和真菌)群落结构.结果表...     

Effects of inorganic chlorine source on dioxin formation using fly ash from a fluidized bed incinerator

Chlorine source is indispensable for polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin and furan (PCDD/F) formation during municipal solid waste (MSW) incineration. Inorganic chlorine compounds were employed in this study to investigate their effects on PCDD/F formation through heterogeneous synthesis on fly ash surfaces. A fly ash sample obtained from a fluidized bed incinerator was sieved to different size fractions which served as the PCDD/F formation sources. The capability of different metal chlorides which facilitate the formation of PCDDs/Fs was found to follow the trends: Na ＜ Mg ＜ K ＜ Al ＜ Ca, when two particle fractions of ＞177 μm and 104-125 μm were used in the experiments. However, the capability of NaCl, MgCl2 and KCl did not seem much different from each other, whereas CaCl2 and AlCl3 were much more active in PCDD/F formation. NaCl and MgCl2 were relatively effective to produce more PCDDs, while KCl, AlCl3 and CaCl2 generated more PCDFs during heterogeneous reactions occurring on fly ash. 2,3,7,8-TCDF was the most significant contributor to the toxicity of the PCDDs/Fs formed from inorganic chlorine sources. Decreasing the sizes of fly ash particles led to more active formation of PCDDs/Fs when NaCl was used as inorganic chlorine in the experiment. The highest PCDDs/Fs produced from particles with size ＜37 μm, while the lowest PCDDs/Fs produced from particles with size ＞177 μm. The toxicity generally increased with decreasing size of the fly ash particles. The formation of PCDDs was mainly facilitated by the two size fractions, 104-125 μm and ＜37 μm, while formation of PCDFs was favored by the two other size fractions, ＞177 μm and 53-104 μm.     

Destruction of PCDD/Fs by gliding arc discharges

PCDD/Fs have been become a serious issue because of their toxicological effects and associated adverse health implications.In this study,the gliding arc plasma was tested for treatment of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins(PCDDs)and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs),which was synthesized from pentachiorophenol in atmospheric condition at 35℃with or without the catalysis of CuCl_2. From the experiment,we found that the destruction efficiency of PCDD/F homologues after gliding was discharge ranged from 25% to 79%.This result demonstrates that gliding arc plasma is an effective technology to decompose PCDDs/Fs in flue gas.A plausible degradation mechanism for PCDD/Fs by gliding arc was discussed.Finally,a multistage reactor structure of gliding arc was proposed to upgrade removal efficiency for PCDD/Fs.     

美国跨界大气环境监管经验对中国的借鉴

大气污染因其污染因子易受气候变化等影响,可进行长距离跨界传输,是典型的跨行政边界问题。我国地域辽阔,行政区域众多且与多个国家接壤或比邻,跨界污染问题研究十分必要。近年来,我国区域性大气污染问题明显,管理手段落后,缺乏相应管理体制和机制。美国在跨界大气环境管理方面取得了显著的成果,积累了丰富的经验,这对我国大气环境管理,尤其是跨界大气环境管理工作具有重要的借鉴意义。本文首先以美国大气跨界污染治理为例,结合具体实例,主要从机构设置、职能职责、运作方式三个方面详细分析了州内、州与州与之间以及跨国界三个层次跨界大气环境监管体系;其次,从上述几方面对我国与美国跨区域大气环境监管机制进行逐项比较分析;再次,对我国跨区域大气环境监管体系障碍分析认为,统分结合的环境管理体制和尚未建立区域联防联控机制是借鉴发达国家跨界大气环境监管经验的主要障碍;在此基础上,针对我国的跨区域大气环境管理工作提出5个方面的建议,即成立跨区域的权力机构;加强政府区域间协调合作;强化依法治理;多种管理手段综合应用;加强信息公开和公众参与。