MBR工艺处理粮油加工废水的研究

采用MBR(Membrane Bioreactor)工艺对粮油加工废水进行处理发现,污染物的去除是活性污泥和膜截留共同作用的结果,试验中微生物的去除作用占污染物总去除率的62.9%~88.1%,起主要作用。当系统的污泥负荷和容积负荷分别在0.4~0.54 kgCOD/kgMLSS.d之间和3.8~5.0 kgCOD/m3.d之间变化时,系统对COD的去除率在92.5%以上。本试验所用膜的临界膜通量为8~10 L/(m2.h),系统污泥浓度从1~2g/L增加到10~12g/L时,临界膜通量从10~12L/(m2.h)下降到了3~4 L/(m2.h),随着膜面流速从1.0m/s上升到1.8m/s,膜的临界通量也相应的从4~6 L/(m2.h)上升到了16~18 L/(m2.h),呈正相关。     

循环经济:理念与创新

我国从开始关注循环经济理念,到今天把循环经济定为国家发展的基本国策之一,已经历了十余个年头。从理论探索到工程实践,在多学科共同交叉研究中,许多专家学者提出了诸多基本理念。为了承上启下,对这方面的创新思想进行总括,作为进一步以工程科技创新推进循环经济发展的指导思想。     

砷污染土壤柠檬酸萃取修复技术研究

伴随着砷工业的发展,含砷化学品引发的重大环境污染事故时有发生。一般砷污染事件发生后,土壤是其最直接的受害者,有必要寻找一种快速且行之有效的方法对砷污染土壤进行控制修复。针对此问题,通过实验探讨了柠檬酸萃取修复砷污染土壤的效果,研究了柠檬酸浓度、液土比、萃取时间及土壤共存离子对柠檬酸萃取砷的效果的影响,为砷污染土壤的治理提供依据。结果表明,柠檬酸是一种高效的砷萃取剂;随着柠檬酸浓度、液土比、萃取时间的增加,砷的萃取率均有所升高;当柠檬酸摩尔浓度为0.25 mol/L、液土比为20 mL/g、萃取时间为21 h时,柠檬酸对砷的萃取率达到最高值(70.58%);土壤中共存的PO43-、Zn2+、Fe2+,由于其竞争作用,能使柠檬酸对砷的萃取率降低。     

沸石载体催化剂研制及其催化臭氧氧化染料废水的研究

以沸石为载体负载不同金属氧化物来制备催化剂,通过试验分析该催化剂催化臭氧氧化染料废水的效果及其影响因素。结果表明:(1)沸石对染料废水的吸附作用很小,总有机碳(TOC)去除率基本维持在3.2%左右,对于后期的试验可以忽略其影响。(2)以沸石作为载体制得的MnO2、Fe2O3、ZnO、CuO负载型催化剂(分别简写为MnO2/沸石、Fe2O3/沸石、ZnO/沸石、CuO/沸石),对臭氧氧化反应均有催化作用,其催化效果依次为MnO2/沸石Fe2O3/沸石ZnO/沸石CuO/沸石。同时,MnO2/沸石的重复使用率高。(3)MnO2/沸石催化臭氧氧化效率及重复使用率均优于以活性炭为载体的MnO2负载型催化剂。(4)臭氧氧化和MnO2/沸石催化臭氧氧化对染料的脱色率基本一致。MnO2/沸石催化臭氧氧化的TOC去除率比臭氧氧化提高较多,对染料废水有很好的处理效果。(5)以沸石为载体制得的负载型催化剂催化臭氧氧化实际染料废水的处理效果较好,具有较高的实用价值。     

WRF-Chem simulation of East Asian air quality: Sensitivity to temporal and vertical emissions distributions

This study develops fine temporal (seasonal, day-of-week, diurnal) and vertical allocations of anthropogenic emissions for the TRACE-P inventory and evaluates their impacts on the East Asian air quality prediction using WRF-Chem simulations in July 2001 at 30-km grid spacing against available surface measurements from EANET and NEMCC. For NO₂ and SO₂, the diurnal and vertical redistributions of emissions play essential roles, while the day-of-week variation is less important. When all incorporated, WRF-Chem best simulates observations of surface NO₂ and SO₂ concentrations, while using the default emissions produces the worst result. The sensitivity is especially large over major cities and industrial areas, where surface NO₂ and SO₂ concentrations are reduced by respectively 3–7 and 6–12 ppbv when using the scaled emissions. The incorporation of all the three redistributions of emissions simulates surface O₃ concentrations higher by 4–8 ppbv at night and 2–4 ppbv in daytime over broad areas of northern, eastern and central China. To this sensitivity, the diurnal redistribution contributes more than the other two.     

常熟市耕地资源时空演变特征

基于卫星遥感影像数据,GIS空间分析技术和统计分析方法相结合,利用耕地面积缩减强度指数、空间叠加等方法分析了常熟市耕地资源的时空演变特征,揭示了苏南经济发达地区耕地资源减少的规律。研究发现,随着经济发展,常熟耕地资源逐渐减少,且因城区和工业用地扩张引起的耕地非农转化指向十分强烈,居民点空间的指向呈逐渐减弱的态势。从空间演变规律看,常熟耕地非农化主要表现在：1）经济增长越快,发展水平越高,耕地减少越快;2）在城市、港口区的镇耕地减少更快;3）港区和工业区的建设,使其周边耕地非农化速度加快;4）道路交通的扩张是耕地非农转化的一个稳定因素;5）不同时期,耕地非农占用的空间指向不同：从20世纪80年代被居民点用地占用逐渐变迁为2000年以后的被工业用地、城镇用地、港口用地占用为主。城市发展、港区建设、交通建设、农村居民点建设、工业化推进和经济发展是耕地资源缩减的主导影响因子.     

Negotiation System of Ecological Compensation of Water Source Areas

In view of no generally accepted ecological compensation standards and methods at present,this paper discusses the introduction of the negotiation system to the process of ecological compensation for water source areas.That is,the government in water source areas and the downstream regions of river basins should confirm their respective rights and obligations and then establish their compensation standards through negotiations according to the different purposes of water use.The amount of compensation should be determined in the comprehensive consideration of the quality,quantity and compensation price of water.Through open and fair negotiations,an institutional arrangement will be set up,which can make the water source areas and the downstream regions of river basins fully express their true preferences and their independent choices on the ecological environment.     

青冰滩冰川水文特征初步分析

通过对青冰滩冰川的综合考察,对该地区2008-08-01日至08-31日的水文、气象以及水环境进行了连续观测。结果表明:冰川表面大量覆盖冰碛增加了冰川表面的反射率,加速了冰川消融;整个8月日均气温在8℃以下,气温的日较差较大,冰川消融期的降水以降雪和冰雹为主;冰川融水的电导率和溶解性固体相关系数可达0.98,两者与气温的相关度也可达到0.8以上。     

Tree bark as a passive air sampler to indicate atmospheric polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in southeastern China

The different barks were sampled to discuss the influence of the tree species, trunk circumference, and bark thickness on the accumulation processes of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) from air into the bark. The results of different PBDE concentrations indicated that barks with a thickness of 0–3 mm collected from weeping willow, Camphor tree, and Masson pine, the trunk circumferences of which were 100 to 150 cm, were better PBDEs passive samplers. Furthermore, tree bark and the corresponding air samples were collected at Anji (AJ), Hangzhou (HZ), Shanghai (SH), and Wenling (WL) to investigate the relationship between the PBDE concentrations in bark and those in air. In addition, the significant correlation (r ²?=?0.906; P?<?0.05) indicated that atmospheric PBDEs were the principle source for the accumulation of PBDEs in the barks. In this study, the log K _BA (bark–air partition coefficient) of individual PBDE congeners at the four sites were in the range from 5.69 to 6.79. Finally, the total PBDE concentration in WL was 5 to 20 times higher than in the other three cities. The result indicated that crude household workshops contributed a heavy amount of PBDEs pollution to the environment, which had been verified by the spatial distribution of PBDEs levels in barks collected at Wenling (range, 26.53–1317.68 ng/g dw). The good correlation between the PBDE concentrations in the barks and the air samples and the variations of the PBDE concentrations in tree barks collected from different sites reflected that the bark could be used as a passive sampler to indicate the atmospheric PBDEs.     

Medium optimization for the production of anti-cyanobacterial substances by Streptomyces sp. HJC-D1 using response surface methodology

Bioremediation using isolated anti-cyanobacterial microorganism has been widely applied in harmful algal blooms (HABs) control. In order to improve the secretion of activated anti-cyanobacterial substances, and lower the cost, a sequential optimization of the culture medium based on statistical design was employed for enhancing the anti-cyanobacterial substances production and chlorophyll a (Chl a) removal by Streptomyces sp. HJC-D1 in the paper. Sucrose and KNO₃ were selected as the most suitable carbon and nitrogen sources based on the one-at-a-time strategy method, and sucrose, KNO₃ and initial pH were found as major factors that affected the anti-cyanobacterial ability of the isolated stain via the Plackett–Burman design. Based on the response surface and canonical analysis, the optimum condition of culture medium was obtained at 22.73 g l^-1 of sucrose, 0.96 g l^-1 of KNO₃, and initial pH 8.82, and the Chl a removal efficiency by strain HJC-D1 increased from 63?±?2 % to 78?±?2 % on the optimum conditions.