有机磷农药生物降解技术研究进展

有机磷农药是目前国内外使用较多的化学农药,对人、畜均有毒性。长期以来,人们努力寻找降解有机磷农药的方法,以去除其对人类生活的不利影响。对现有的有机磷农药种类、毒性、生物降解技术以及现有成果进行了系统的归纳和总结,并对有机磷农药生物降解的进一步研究提出了建议。     

基于FLAC3D分析的某铁矿充填效果研究

为解决辽宁某铁矿开采后地表沉陷问题,验证自研的复合激发尾砂胶结充填体充填效果,运用FLAC3D模拟软件对铁矿二步骤充填开采和地表沉陷进行数值模拟计算研究.研究结果表明:采用3种胶结充填体分别进行二步骤充填后,盐基、碱基、水泥基胶结充填体内部的应力平均值分别为0.92,0.79,0.93 MPa,最大位移值分别为38,2...     

厌氧氨氧化反应器启动方法的研究

研究了以自养型反硝化生物膜启动厌氧氨氧化反应器的可行性.结果表明,采用先培养自养型反硝化生物膜,再启动厌氧氨氧化反应器的方法,可在110d内成功启动厌氧氨氧化反应器,反应器的容积总氮负荷为0.145kg/(m³d),NH₄⁺-N和NO₂^--N去除率分别为98.59%和99.08%.启动初期,厌氧氨氧化反应器的出水pH值低于进水pH值,随启动过程的推进,进出水pH值趋向一致.稳态运行时,反应器内呈碱性,NH₄⁺-N去除量、NO₂^--N去除量和NO₃^--N生成量的比值为1:1.01:0.19.启动过程中,NH₄⁺-N去除量与NO₂^--N去除量、NO₃^--N生成量之间的比值,以及反应器内pH值和污泥颜色的变化,可以指示厌氧氨氧化反应器的启动进程.     

Estimating the impact of seawater on the production of soil water-extractable organic carbon during coastal erosion

The production of water-extractable organic carbon (WEOC) during arctic coastal erosion and permafrost degradation may contribute significantly to C fluxes under warming conditions, but it remains difficult to quantify. A tundra soil collected near Barrow, AK, was selected to evaluate the effects of soil pretreatments (oven drying vs. freeze drying) as well as extraction solutions (pure water vs. seawater) on WEOC yields. Both oven drying and freeze drying significantly increased WEOC release compared with the original moist soil samples; dried samples released, on average, 18% more WEOC than did original moist samples. Similar results were observed for the production of low-molecular-weight dissolved organic C. However, extractable OC released from different soil horizons exhibited differences in specific UV absorption, suggesting differences in WEOC quality. Furthermore, extractable OC yields were significantly less in samples extracted with seawater compared with those extracted with pure water, likely due to the effects of major ions on extractable OC flocculation. Compared with samples from the active horizons, upper permafrost samples released more WEOC, suggesting that continuously frozen samples were more sensitive than samples that had experienced more drying-wetting cycles in nature. Specific UV absorption of seawater-extracted OC was significantly lower than that of OC extracted using pure water, suggesting more aromatic or humic substances were flocculated during seawater extraction. Our results suggest that overestimation of total terrestrial WEOC input to the Arctic Ocean during coastal erosion could occur if estimations were based on WEOC extracted from dried soil samples using pure water.     

Soil-atmosphere trace gas exchange in semiarid and arid zones

A review is presented on trace gas exchange of CH4, CO, N2O, and NOx arising from agriculture and natural sources in the world's semiarid and arid zones due to soil processes. These gases are important contributors to the radiative forcing and the chemistry of the atmosphere. Quantitative information is summarized from the available studies. Between 5 and 40% of the global soil-atmosphere exchange for these gases (CH4, CO, N2O, and NOx) may occur in semiarid and arid zones, but for each of these gases there are fewer than a dozen studies to support the individual estimates, and these are from a limited number of locations. Significant differences in the biophysical and chemical processes controlling these trace gas exchanges are identified through the comparison of semiarid and arid zones with the moist temperate or wet/dry savanna land regions. Therefore, there is a poorly quantified understanding of the contribution of these regions to the global trace gas cycles and atmospheric chemistry. More importantly, there is a poor understanding of the feedback between these exchanges, global change, and regional land use and air pollution issues. A set of research issues is presented.     

游憩践踏对芜湖赭山城市公园影响研究

城市生态型公园是户外游憩活动影响最集中的一个区域,特别是践踏的影响表现最为明显。对芜湖市赭山生态型城市公园的19条游憩路径进行了调查,路径总长度达3123m。分析了户外游憩活动践踏造成的影响,得出了不同的旅游路径对践踏所引起的路面变宽、植物根系暴露、多路径和路面损伤是不同的,土质路面游道受到践踏影响的程度最大,石板路面游道次之,水泥路面相对最小。城市生态型公园的道路系统建设应该适应游客的游憩需求,减少践踏对公园生态环境的影响,最大化地满足城市居民的需要。     

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Dalian soils: distribution and toxicity assessment

Concentrations of 15 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were measured in surface soils collected from Dalian, China, for examination of distributions and composition profiles and their potential toxicity. The sum of 15 PAHs (SigmaPAHs) ranged from 190 to 8595 ng g(-1) dry weight, and showed an apparent urban-suburban-rural gradient in both SigmaPAHs and composition profiles. Using hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA), the sampling sites were grouped into four clusters corresponding to traffic area, park/residential area, suburban and rural areas. The ratios of naphthalene (Nap) and fluorene (Fl) versus fluoranthene (Flu), pyrene (Pyr) and indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene (InP) in the four clusters provided evidence of local distillation. The diagnostic ratios indicated the prevalent PAH sources were petroleum combustion and coal combustion in Dalian, and a cross plot of diagnostic ratios distinguished the urban samples from suburban and rural ones. Toxic potency assessment of soil PAHs presented a good relationship with benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) levels, toxic equivalent concentrations based on BaP (TEQ(BaP)) and dioxin-like toxic equivalent concentrations (TEQ(TCDD)). The study highlights that BaP is a good indicator for assessing the potential toxicity of PAHs, and presents a promising toxicity assessment method for soil PAHs.     

城市垃圾处理与管理对策研究

对北京、天津、上海、重庆、广州等１７个城市垃圾的调查,结果表明,近１０年,上述城市垃圾总量的增长城市化关系密切,城市垃圾的组分受经济发展,生活水平、消费行为方式的影响,地域差异显著;城市垃圾处理技术欠完善,管理体制不合理,急需通过市场化动作国吧改善。     

湖北农村降水中SO_4~(2-)浓度变化研究

在湖北农村 10个地点 ,利用澳大利亚集雨器自 1996年 1月至 1998年 6月 ,按季度采集大气降水样品测定SO2 - 4浓度 ,并对数据进行统计分析。研究结果表明 ,各地 1997年降水中SO2 - 4浓度年均值比 1996年显著升高 ;大多数地点 1996、1997、1998年 1季度和 2季度降水中SO2 - 4浓度呈逐年升高趋势 ;大多数地点每年 1、4季度降水中SO2 - 4浓度高 ,2、3季度降水中SO2 - 4浓度低 ,说明湖北农村降水中的硫对秋冬作物影响比对春夏作物影响大 ;湖北农村降水中SO2 - 4浓度近两年不仅有时间变化规律 ,而且同一季度内的地区差异也很明显 ,在 1996年和 1997年 8个季度 10个点的降水SO2 - 4浓度最大值中 ,有 4个最大值出现在襄樊 ,它是目前湖北继宜昌市区、恩施市区之后又一个酸雨发展较快的地区     

北京城市灾害及新世纪安全战略

在归纳分析北京城市灾害源的基础上 ,研究了北京城市综合减灾战略规划的指导思想、基本原则及技术路线。重点论述了城市科学减灾的研究模式及方法