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James?C.?NiehEmail author Felipe?A.?L.?Contrera Juliana?Rangel Vera?L.?Imperatriz-Fonseca 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2003,55(1):87-94
It is unclear whether stingless bees in the genus Melipona (Hymenoptera, Apidae, Meliponini) can reliably encode the distance to a food source through recruitment sounds produced inside the nest, in part because the sound features correlated with distance also vary with food quality. We therefore trained marked foragers of two species, Melipona mandacaia and M. bicolor, to feeders at different distances and to different sucrose concentrations at the same distance. In both species, foragers successfully recruited to a rich 2.5-m food source and produced pulsed recruitment sounds in which pulse duration was significantly and positively correlated with distance to the rich food source. When returning from poorer food sources (0.6–1.5 m), foragers of both species decreased sound production, producing shorter sound pulses and longer sound interpulses than they did for 2.5 m food located at the same distance. Thus the temporal structure of M. mandacaia and M. bicolor recruitment sounds varies with distance and food quality. However, nestmates were not recruited by performances for poorer food sources (0.6–1.5 m), whose sucrose concentration was sufficiently low to affect recruitment sounds. Surprisingly, the interphase (the time between behavioral phases that communicate location) also increases with decreasing food quality in the closely related honeybees (Apis), suggesting a potential homology in the effect of food quality on the recruitment systems of Apis and Melipona. We explore the evolutionary implications of these similarities.Communicated by M. Giurfa 相似文献
654.
655.
James V. Zidek Gavin Shaddick Jean Meloche Chris Chatfield Rick White 《Environmental and Ecological Statistics》2007,14(4):411-431
This paper presents a general framework for constructing a predictive distribution of the exposure to an environmental hazard
sustained by a randomly selected member of a designated population. The individual’s exposure is assumed to arise from random
movement through the environment, resulting in a distribution of exposure that can be used for environmental risk analysis.
A specialization of the general framework is that of predicting human exposure to air pollution that can be used to develop
models for such things as exposure to particulate matter; practical aspects of their construction are considered. These models
can help answer questions such as what fraction of the population sustained ‘high’ levels of exposure for say 5 days in a
row. The immediate implementation of the above framework takes the form of a computing platform referred to as pCNEM. This provides a facility for simulating exposures to airborne pollutants and is described in detail elsewhere. This paper
considers some theoretical aspects underpinning probabilistic exposure models of this type, with the ideas illustrated in
developing a model for predicting human exposure to PM
10. 相似文献
656.
On 9 October, 1985 a daytime surface swarm of the euphausiid Euphausia lucens was observed and sampled in St. Helena Bay in the Southern Benguela region. The swarm was monospecific, consisted of adults in prebreeding condition and appeared to be feeding on detrital material. The swarm covered an estimated 46 ha, densities within it ranged between 4 000 and 1 500 000 individuals per cubic metre and the swarm was estimated to contain 5 000 tonnes of euphausiids. No simple explanation for the presence of the swarm was apparent. 相似文献
657.
Tail size and female choice in the guppy (Poecilia reticulata) 总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6
Robert J. Bischoff James L. Gould Daniel I. Rubenstein 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》1985,17(3):253-255
Summary Under laboratory conditions, female guppies demonstrate a clear preference for males with larger tails, and this preference translates into enhanced reproductive fitness for these males. Females also prefer males with higher display rates, a behavior which appears to be linked to tail size, but which can be experimentally disassociated. This appears to be a case of female-choice sexual selection. 相似文献
658.
Sharon A. Gill Maarten J. Vonhof Bridget J. M. Stutchbury Eugene S. Morton James S. Quinn 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2005,57(6):557-565
There are few empirical tests of the acoustic mate-guarding hypothesis for the function of duetting in birds. This hypothesis states that when females are fertile, males initiate many songs or answer most of their mates solo songs to form duets and repel rival males seeking extra-pair copulations. We tested the hypothesis by comparing song initiation and answer rates of males and females in socially monogamous buff-breasted wrens (Throthorus leucotis) during pre-fertile and fertile periods. During pre-fertile periods, males often sang for short periods before being answered by their mates, yet first duets were formed earlier relative to dawn and more duets were given during the dawn chorus on pre-fertile than fertile mornings. Males initiated more songs during pre-fertile than fertile periods, whereas there was no difference between stages in female song initiation rates. The proportion of songs answered by individuals of both sexes did not differ between breeding stages. Other mate-guarding behaviours, such as frequent copulation and maintaining close proximity to mates when fertile, did not appear to be important in this species, as no copulations were observed and there was no difference in the time pairs spent in close proximity when females were fertile or not. Parentage analysis revealed that only 3% of 31 broods had young that were likely the result of extra-pair paternity. These findings do not support the acoustic mate-guarding hypothesis, and suggest that the low rate of extra-pair paternity in buff-breasted wrens was maintained without the use of acoustic or traditional paternity guards.Communicated by R. Gibson 相似文献
659.
Sheehan P Dewhurst RE James S Callaghan A Connon R Crane M 《Environmental geochemistry and health》2003,25(1):9-16
Part IIA of the Environmental Protection Act 1990 requires environmental regulators to assess the risk of contaminants leaching from soils into groundwater (DETR, 1999). This newly introduced legislation assumes a link between soil and groundwater chemistry, in which rainwater leaches contaminants from soil into the saturated zone. As the toxicity of both groundwater and overlying soils is dependent upon the chemicals present, their partitioning and their bioavailability, similar patterns of soil, leachates and groundwater toxicity should be observed at contaminated sites. Soil and groundwater samples were collected from different contaminated land sites in an urban area, and used to determine relationships between soil chemistry and toxicity, mobility of contaminants, and groundwater chemistry and toxicity. Soils were leached using water to mimic rainfall, and both the soils and leachates tested using bioassays. Soil bioassays were carried out using Eisenia fetida, whilst groundwater and leachates were tested using the Microtox test system and Daphnia magna 48 h acute tests. Analysis of the bioassay responses demonstrated that a number of the samples were toxic to test organisms, however, there were no significant statistical relationships between soil, groundwater and leachate toxicity. Nor were there significant correlations between soil, leachates and groundwater chemistry. 相似文献
660.
M Tim Tinker Daniel F Doak James A Estes Brian B Hatfield Michelle M Staedler James L Bodkin 《Ecological applications》2006,16(6):2293-2312
Reliable information on historical and current population dynamics is central to understanding patterns of growth and decline in animal populations. We developed a maximum likelihood-based analysis to estimate spatial and temporal trends in age/sex-specific survival rates for the threatened southern sea otter (Enhydra lutris nereis), using annual population censuses and the age structure of salvaged carcass collections. We evaluated a wide range of possible spatial and temporal effects and used model averaging to incorporate model uncertainty into the resulting estimates of key vital rates and their variances. We compared these results to current demographic parameters estimated in a telemetry-based study conducted between 2001 and 2004. These results show that survival has decreased substantially from the early 1990s to the present and is generally lowest in the north-central portion of the population's range. The greatest temporal decrease in survival was for adult females, and variation in the survival of this age/sex class is primarily responsible for regulating population growth and driving population trends. Our results can be used to focus future research on southern sea otters by highlighting the life history stages and mortality factors most relevant to conservation. More broadly, we have illustrated how the powerful and relatively straightforward tools of information-theoretic-based model fitting can be used to sort through and parameterize quite complex demographic modeling frameworks. 相似文献