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661.
Phytoextraction of metals from soils: how far from practice? 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Van Nevel L Mertens J Oorts K Verheyen K 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2007,150(1):34-40
For most trace elements, the technique of phytoextraction needs significant improvements to become practically feasible. Calculations for Cd revealed that the amount of Cd taken up by Thlaspi caerulescens or Salix spp. needs at least to be the double of the present amount to slightly decrease the Cd concentration in the upper 0.5m of the soil within a period of 10 years. Additionally, metals taken up by the plants might pose an important risk. Alternatives as bioavailable contaminant stripping and phytostabilization might be more appropriate. 相似文献
662.
Schipper AM Wijnhoven S Leuven RS Ragas AM Hendriks AJ 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2008,151(1):17-26
Soil metal concentrations, inundation characteristics and abundances of 14 arthropod taxa were investigated in a moderately contaminated lowland floodplain along the Rhine River and compared to the hinterland. Internal metal concentrations were determined for the orders of Coleoptera (beetles) and Araneida (spiders) and were related to soil concentrations. The floodplain was characterized by larger arthropod abundance than the hinterland, in spite of recurrent inundations and higher soil metal concentrations. Most arthropod taxa showed increasing abundance with decreasing distance to the river channel and increasing average inundation duration. For Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn, significant relations were found between arthropod concentrations and concentrations in soil. Significant relations were few but positive, indicating that increasing soil concentrations result in increasing body burdens in arthropods. For arthropod-eating vertebrates, these results might imply that larger prey availability in the floodplain coincides with higher metal concentrations in prey, possibly leading to increased exposure to metal contamination. 相似文献
663.
Hamilton and Zuk proposed that bright plumage in birds indicates genetic resistance to parasites, and that by selecting brighter
males as mates, females can increase their offspring’s fitness due to this inherited resistance. The theory predicts a negative
relationship between parasite load and plumage brightness in males. We used Sindbis virus clearance rate after an experimental
infection to quantify parasite resistance in male greenfinches (Carduelis chloris) and related variation in clearance rate with variation in male plumage brightness. We found that certain aspects of brightness
of the male plumage (i.e. tail-patch area) could be used to predict the virus infection clearance rate. Wing brightness was
uninformative of virus clearance rate, but revealed age class. We found no clear relationship between antibody production
rate and virus clearance rate or total viraemia. However, males with large tail patches tended to have a higher antibody production
rate. The results suggest that the size of the male tail patch may function as an indicator of an individual male’s ability
to resist parasite infections, thus supporting the Hamilton-Zuk theory for a novel taxon of parasites, a virus.
Received: 11 November 1999 / Received in revised form: 13 March 2000 / Accepted: 1 April 2000 相似文献
664.
Jan Deja Alicja Uliasz-Bochenczyk Eugeniusz Mokrzycki 《International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control》2010,4(4):583-588
The cement industry is one of the most significant sources of anthropogenic emissions of CO2. It is connected with the specific character of the production processes, during which great quantities of CO2 are produced. Basic actions to reduce CO2 emissions recommended by the European Union's, Reference Document on Best Available Techniques in the Cement and Lime Manufacturing Industries, include: reduction of fuel consumption, selection of raw materials with low content of organic compounds and fuels with low coal contribution to heating value. All actions connected with the improvement of energy conversion efficiency of the cement production process cause CO2 emissions reduction. The use of at most acceptable by the valid standards amounts of waste as raw materials and additives for cement production, also brings about the reduction of significant part of CO2 emissions. These measures have been and continue to be pursued by the cement factories in Poland. This article describes the evolution of the cement industry in Poland over the period 1998–2008 and the resulting changes in CO2 emissions and explores the drivers for these changes. The sources of CO2 emissions in cement industry have been presented in this article as well as a discussion of potential ways to reduce Polish cement industry emissions even further. 相似文献
665.
Jean Hugé Hai Le Trinh Pham Hoang Hai Jan Kuilman Luc Hens 《Environment, Development and Sustainability》2010,12(4):561-571
The Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) is one of the flexible instruments of the Kyoto Protocol designed to combat climate
change so as to bring advantages to developing countries and developed countries alike. Indeed, CDM projects have a two-fold
objective: to offset greenhouse gas emissions and to contribute to sustainable development in the host country. However in
many cases, the latter objective appears to be marginalized. This is at least partly due to the difficulties surrounding the
definition and the measurement of sustainability, in particular in a developing country context. To assess CDM projects’ contribution
to sustainable development in the host country, scholars and practitioners need adapted indicator sets. A set of indicators
were developed by way of an iterative Delphi approach amongst selected Vietnamese experts. The Delphi approach allowed a systematic
collection of the experts’ judgements on the sustainability indicators through a set of sequentially applied questionnaires,
interspersed with feedback from earlier responses. This exercise resulted in the selection of a set of 36 indicators, which
emphasise economic efficiency, public health and pollution issues. The exercise yielded a locally supported and context-specific
set of sustainability indicators that will allow Vietnamese decision-makers to enhance the sustainability of the approved
CDM projects. In the future this set should be continually improved through real-life application and further participation
from local stakeholders. This study is a first step in a long-term process towards developing an adapted toolkit for sustainability
assessment of CDM projects in Vietnam. 相似文献
666.
Ole R. Sjøholm Jens Aamand Jan Sørensen 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2010,158(12):3618-3625
Mineralisation capability was studied in the 2,6-dichlorobenzamide (BAM)-degrading Aminobacter sp. MSH1 under growth-arrested conditions. Cells were starved in mineral salts (MS) solution or groundwater before 14C-labelled BAM (0.1 mM) was added. Cell physiology was monitored with a panel of vitality stains combined with flow cytometry to differentiate intact, depolarised and dead cells. Cells starved for up to 3 weeks in MS solution showed immediate growth-linked mineralisation after BAM amendment while a lag-phase was seen after 8 weeks of starvation. In contrast, cells amended with BAM in natural groundwater showed BAM mineralisation but no growth. The cell-specific mineralisation rate was always comparable (10−16 mol C intact cell−1 day−1) independent of media, growth, or starvation period after BAM amendment; lower rates were only observed as BAM concentration decreased. MSH1 seems useful for bioremediation and should be optimised to maintain an intact cell subpopulation as this seems to be the key parameter for successful mineralisation. 相似文献
667.
Viatcheslav Moutavtchi Jan Stenis William Hogland Antonina Shepeleva Håkan Andersson 《Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management》2008,10(1):62-70
A cost methodology is proposed for evaluating the ecological-economic efficiency of a municipal solid waste management scheme
based on the recommendations of cost-benefit analysis and the full-cost accounting methodology for municipal solid waste management.
The methodology employs the previously introduced waste managements’ efficient decision (WAMED) model and the company statistical
business tool for environmental recovery (COSTBUSTER) indicator. A case study presents the practical application of the proposed
cost-benefit analysis-based theory to the landfilling concept currently applied in Kalmar, Sweden. It is concluded that the
presented provisions for evaluation of the ecological-economic efficiency of a municipal solid waste management scheme reflect
a novel integrated approach to solving the problem of simultaneously decreasing the negative impacts of municipal solid waste
on the environment and the health of the population while providing an information support tool for decision making in municipal
solid waste management at regional and municipal levels to improve small-and medium-sized company competitiveness in particular. 相似文献
668.
Jan C. van de Zande J. F. M. Huijsmans H. A. J. Porskamp J. M. G. P. Michielsen H. Stallinga H. J. Holterman A. de Jong 《The Environmentalist》2008,28(1):9-17
A summary is given of research within the field of application technology for crop protection products for the past 10 years
in The Netherlands. Results are presented for greenhouse, orchard, nursery tree and arable field spraying for the typical
Dutch situation. Research predominantly focussed on the quantification of spray deposition in crop canopy and the emissions
into the environment, especially spray drift. The risk of spray drift is related to defined distances and dimensions of the
surface water adjacent to a sprayed field. Spray deposition and spray drift research was setup in order to identify and quantify
drift-reducing technologies. Results are presented for cross-flow sprayers, tunnel sprayers and air-assisted field sprayers.
For field crop spraying with a boom sprayer the effect of nozzle type on spray deposition in crop canopy and spray drift is
highlighted both with a modelling approach as based on field experiments. The use of spray drift data in regulation is discussed.
A relation between spray deposition and biological efficacy is outlined for drift-reducing spray techniques. The effect of
spray drift-reducing technologies in combination with crop- and spray-free buffer zones is outlined. It is concluded that
spray technology plays an important role to minimise spray- and crop-free buffer zones, and to maintain biological efficacy
and acceptable levels of ecotoxicological risk in the surface water. 相似文献
669.
Frank W. Oudshoorn Reint Jan Renes Imke J. M. De Boer 《Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics》2008,21(3):205-228
The aim of this study was to explore stakeholder perceptions of the contribution of an Automatic Milking System (AMS) to sustainable
development of organic dairy production in Denmark and the Netherlands. In addition, reasons for the current difference in
AMS use on organic dairy farms between both countries were explored. To answer above mentioned aims, farmers and advisors
in both countries were interviewed using a focus group approach. Questions of the interviews were based on a literature review
on sustainability issues affected by introduction of AMS. Participants expressed no moral problems regarding AMS use. They,
however, pointed out uncertainty about the economic gain, difficulties with grazing, adaptation problems to technology, and
image problems towards consumers. The latter results from a reduction in grazing time affecting both animal welfare and product
quality. The participants did not recognize eutrophication, as result of high stocking density on farmstead lots, as a problem
caused by AMS. The milk quality problem related to AMS use, although acknowledged as crucial towards consumers, was not prioritized
very highly, especially not by the farmers in both countries. All groups were, however, unanimous in their perception of how
important image was as far as the consumers are concerned. The perception analysis revealed that Dutch participants were more
concerned about the economic payoff of AMS use, and showed more reluctance towards enlargement than Danish ones. In addition,
they acknowledged the small-scale naturalness of organic production. These differences in perception could possibly explain
observed differences in AMS use in organic dairy production between Denmark and the Netherlands. 相似文献
670.