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41.
Alex H.S. Chik Melissa B. Glier Mark Servos Chand S. Mangat Xiao-Li Pang Yuanyuan Qiu Patrick M. DAoust Jean-Baptiste Burnet Robert Delatoll Sarah Dorner Qiudi Geng John P. Giesy Robert Mike McKay Michael R. Mulvey Natalie Prystajecky Nivetha Srikanthan Yuwei Xie Bernadette Conant Steve E. Hrudey 《环境科学学报(英文版)》2021,33(9):218-229
42.
Paul Scholte Olivier Pays Saleh Adam Bertrand Chardonnet Hervé Fritz Jean-Baptiste Mamang Herbert H. T. Prins Pierre-Cyril Renaud Patrick Tadjo Mark Moritz 《Conservation biology》2022,36(2):e13860
When in 2010 the world's governments pledged to increase protected area coverage to 17% of the world's land surface, several Central African countries had already set aside 25% of their northern savannas for conservation. To evaluate the effectiveness of this commitment, we analyzed the results of 68 multispecies surveys conducted in the seven main savanna national parks in Central Africa (1960–2017). We also assembled information on potential drivers of large herbivore population trends (rainfall and number of rangers) and on tourist numbers and revenues. In six out of the seven parks, wild large herbivore populations declined dramatically over time, livestock numbers increased severalfold, and tourism, the pillar under a once thriving local wildlife industry, collapsed. Zakouma National Park (Chad) stood out because its large herbivore populations increased, an increase that was positively correlated with rainfall and number of rangers (a proxy for management inputs). With increasing insecurity and declining revenues, governments find themselves confronted with too few resources to protect vast areas. To deal with this conversation overstretch, we propose to extend the repeatedly promoted solutions––scaled up funding, enhanced management––with a strategic retreat, focusing scarce resources on smaller areas to save wildlife in the Central African savannas. 相似文献
43.
44.
M. Grynberg O. Graesslin J. Teyssedre C. Quereux D. Gaillard F. Carré-Pigeon 《黑龙江环境通报》2007,27(6):552-554
We report the case of monozygotic (MZ) male twin fetuses with different Down syndrome (DS) phenotypes. Prenatal fetal sonography showed a bichorial biamniotic pregnancy with increased nuchal translucency in twin A and a cervical cystic hygroma and heart defect in twin B. Cytogenetic analysis performed after double amniocentesis showed free and homogeneous trisomy 21 in both twins. Monozygosity was confirmed by molecular analysis. The pregnancy was terminated at 17 weeks of gestation (WG). Postmortem analysis confirmed the phenotypic discordance. To our knowledge, this is the first reported prenatal diagnosis of MZ male twins with different Down syndrome phenotypes but identical karyotypes. We discuss the mechanisms involved in phenotypic discordance of monozygotic twins and particularly the role of environmental factors. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
45.
Ø. Holand R. B. Weladji K. H. Røed H. Gjøstein J. Kumpula J.-M. Gaillard M. E. Smith M. Nieminen 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2006,59(5):682-688
The manipulation of the sex ratio and age structure in many managed ungulate populations calls for a better understanding
of their potential consequences on females’ condition and behavior during rut. During 1996–2002, we manipulated the male age
structure and male percentage (nine treatments during 7 years) within an experimental herd of semidomestic reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) and investigated their influence on both the body mass change and the behavior of females during rut. On average, the females
lost body mass (−0.95±SE 0.18 kg) during rut, which we contend to reflect somatic costs. The females’ losses increased as
the percentage of male decreased, but this was certainly ascribed to one treatment with high male percentage (27.7%) as compared
to the others (ranging from 3.9 to 12.2%). Female losses were highest for treatments including both young and adult males
as compared to only adult or only young males, and higher for treatments including only young compared to only adult males.
This is supported by (1) the higher female harassment frequency when females are exposed to only young or a mixture of young
and adult males as compared to only adults, (2) the higher female harassment frequency by young males as compared to adults
in the mixed treatments, and (3) the reduced females’ feeding activity in treatments including both young and adult males.
We conclude that the male age structure during rut will influence the females’ behavior and mass change and may have implications
for females’ life history and for population dynamics. 相似文献
46.
David Alexander JC Gaillard Ilan Kelman Fausto Marincioni Edmund Penning‐Rowsell Dewald van Niekerk Lauren J. Vinnell 《Disasters》2021,45(1):5-18
Nowadays there are approximately 80 Anglophone journals that deal primarily with disaster risk reduction (DRR) and allied fields. This large array signals a sustained, if uneven, growth in DRR scholarship but also competition between the offerings of different publishers and institutions. The purpose of this article is first to summarise the development of academic publishing on DRR from its early beginnings to the present day. The paper then evaluates the current state of publishing in this field and discusses possible future trends. Next, it identifies some possible opportunities, challenges, expectations, and commitments for journal editors both within DRR and academia more broadly, including those that refer to changes in the use of terminology, the relentless increase in the number of papers submitted, the expansion and dangers of predatory journals, different peer review models, open access versus paywalls, citations and bibliography metrics, academic social networks, and copyright and distribution issues. 相似文献
47.
Patrick Gautier Marco Barroca Sophie Bertrand Cyril Eraud Maria Gaillard Michael Hamman Sébastien Motreuil Gabriele Sorci Bruno Faivre 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2008,62(7):1159-1166
Several environmental factors have been shown to shape the pattern of investment of carotenoids into the expression of sexual
signals. Surprisingly, the impact of the social environment has been neglected. If a carotenoid-based sexual trait is used
by females to choose a mate or by males to assess the quality of potential competitors for mates, males, in the presence of
females, should upregulate expression of the trait. We tested this hypothesis in male zebra finches that were housed either
with females or in a male-only social environment. Additionally, to investigate whether the social modulation of the expression
of a sexual trait depends on the physiological need of carotenoids, we challenged half of the males with Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS). We found that the social environment modulated the expression of bill color, with males kept in
the presence of females harboring a redder bill at the end of the 3 weeks that the experiment lasted. Males injected with
LPS showed duller bill color regardless of the presence of females, and social interactions with females result in upregulated
bill color similarly for phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) and LPS males. Thus, social environment and immune activation had
an additive effect on the expression of bill color. The effect of social environment on plasma carotenoids was less clear.
Indeed, a first replicate of the entire experiment showed that both immune challenge and social context affected bill color,
with a negative effect of immune challenge and a positive effect of the presence of females on circulating carotenoids. However,
a second replicate of the experiment showed only a negative effect of the immune challenge. These results, therefore, suggest
that the social environment can affect the expression of carotenoid-based sexual traits under both benign and carotenoid-demanding
conditions. Whatever the signaling function of bill color (female mate choice or male–male competition for mates), the observed
flexibility may be adaptive because the expression of the signal can be modulated depending on the expected rewards or costs
associated with the presence or absence of females. Nevertheless, the mechanisms underlying such an effect are still unknown. 相似文献
48.
Lifetime reproductive success and composition of the home range in a large herbivore 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
McLoughlin PD Gaillard JM Boyce MS Bonenfant C Messier F Duncan P Delorme D Van Moorter B Saïd S Klein F 《Ecology》2007,88(12):3192-3201
The relationship between individual performance and nonrandom use of habitat is fundamental to ecology; however, empirical tests of this relationship remain limited, especially for higher orders of selection like that of the home range. We quantified the association between lifetime reproductive success (LRS) and variables describing lifetime home ranges during the period of maternal care (spring to autumn) for 77 female roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) at Trois-Fontaines, Champagne-Ardenne, France (1976-2000). We maintained population growth rate (adjusted to account for removals of non-focal animals) near rmax, which enabled us to define the fitness-habitat relationship in the absence of density effects. Using a negative binomial model, we showed that a roe deer's incorporation into its home range of habitat components important to food, cover, and edge (meadows, thickets, and increased density of road allowances) was significantly related to LRS. Further, LRS decreased with increasing age of naturally reclaimed meadows at the time of a deer's birth, which may have reflected a cohort effect related to, but not entirely explained by, a decline in quality of meadows through time. Predictive capacity of the selected model, estimated as the median correlation (rs) between predicted and observed LRS among deer of cross-validation samples, was 0.55. The strength of this relationship suggests that processes like selection of the site of a home range during dispersal may play a more important role in determining fitness of individuals than previously thought. Individual fitness of highly sedentary income breeders with high reproductive output such as roe deer should be more dependent on home range quality during the period of maternal care compared to capital breeders with low reproductive output. Identification of the most important habitat attributes to survival and reproduction at low density (low levels of intraspecific competition) may prove useful for defining habitat value ("intrinsic habitat value"). 相似文献
49.
Behavioural and biochemical responses of two marine invertebrates Scrobicularia plana and Hediste diversicolor to copper oxide nanoparticles 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Buffet PE Tankoua OF Pan JF Berhanu D Herrenknecht C Poirier L Amiard-Triquet C Amiard JC Bérard JB Risso C Guibbolini M Roméo M Reip P Valsami-Jones E Mouneyrac C 《Chemosphere》2011,84(1):166-174
Engineered nano-sized Cu oxide particles are extensively used in diverse applications. Because aquatic environments are the ultimate “sink” for all contaminants, it is expected that nanoparticles (NP) will follow the same fate. In this study, two marine invertebrates Scrobicularia plana and Hediste diversicolor were chosen as ecotoxicological models. The aim was to evaluate behavioural (burrowing kinetics, feeding rate) and biochemical (biomarkers) responses of S. plana and H. diversicolor exposed in the laboratory to Cu (10 μg L−1) added in natural seawater either in the form of engineered nanoparticles (NPs) of CuO or as dissolved Cu in 2% HNO3. Exposure was characterized by considering (i) the physico-chemical fate of NP (ii) the fraction of labile Cu in experimental media and (iii) Cu bioaccumulation. Results showed high aggregation of CuO NPs in seawater and no additional bioavailable Cu concentrations. Behavioural impairments were observed in S. plana exposed to CuO NPs or soluble Cu whereas in H. diversicolor, only the exposure to soluble Cu led to a burrowing decrease. No obvious neurotoxicity effects were revealed since in both species, no changes in cholinesterasic activity occurred in response to both forms of Cu exposure. Biomarkers of oxidative-stress catalase and glutathione-S-transferase were enhanced in both species whereas superoxide dismutase was increased only in S. plana exposed to CuO NPs. Metallothionein-like protein was increased in bivalves exposed to both forms of Cu. Since, no detectable release of soluble Cu from CuO NPs occurred during the time of experiment, ecotoxicity effects seem to be related to CuO NPs themselves. 相似文献
50.