PLANNITG INDIANA'S WATER INFRASTRUCTURE FROM A COMPETITIVE PERSPECTIVE1

ABSTRACT: Indiana has embarked on a program to assess the condition of its infrastructure and to plan for its future. The perspective of this planning differs from the traditional “master plan” approach — instead, the focus is on competitiveness for economic development. The initial work on the water and sewerage competitiveness of the infrastructure includes: (1) a comparative analysis of the water resources and infrastructure of Indiana and its industrial midwestern neighbors; (2) a technology scan to identify possible technological opportunities that may be important for Indiana; and (3) a set of recommendations for future planning. This work is preliminary in nature but should serve as a starting point for continued strategic planning over the next decade for positioning of Indiana's water and sewerage infrastructure as a key element in the economic growth equation.     

VARIABILITY OF SOIL WATER PROPERTIES AND CROP YIELD IN A SLOPED WATERSHED1

ABSTRACT: Spatial distribution of soil and water properties and the correlations between them and crop yield were determined for a natural rainfall environment. Hydraulic conductivity, soil texture, water retention, and soil-water flux were variables used to investigate their relationship to crop yield using multiple regression techniques. Variations in crop yields on a watershed with a 3 to 4 percent slope and moderately erosive soils were related to soil-water characteristics and soil properties along slope and with depth. Climatic conditions to sustain crop growth and yield ranged from inadequate soil water in 1983 to adequate soil water in 1984. Crop yield was predicted with models using both available and measured soil-water content. Available water content provided a better model for the prediction of water yield and does not require field measurements of actual soil-water content. Soil water holding capacity was more significant for predicting crop yield in soils with moderate to high silt content than infiltrability of water into the soil.     

Reviews

Shadrach Woods, The Man in the Street, Harmondsworth, Penguin, 1975

W. Houghton Evans, Planning Cities, London, Lawrence & Wishart, 1975, £7

R. Taylor, M. Cox & I. Dickens eds., Britain's Planning Heritage, London, Croom Helm for The Royal Town Planning Institute, 1975. £5.75 (hardcover) £3.50 (paperback)

Development Plan Evaluation and Robustness: Application of an Analytical Programme and a Review of Measures of Performance, Department of the Environment Research Report 5 Local Government Operations Research Unit Report C217, 1976. Gratis.

J. Appleton, The Experience of Landscape, London, John Wiley, 1975

J. D. Hunt & P. Willis eds., The Genius of the Place: The English Landscape Garden 1620–1820, London, Paul Elek, 1976. £12.50

N. Pevsner, Staffordshire, Harmondsworth, Middx., Penguin Buildings of England Series, 1974, £3.50 (hardcover)

R. Bailey & M. Brake eds., Radical Social Work, London: Edward Arnold, 1975. £4.25 (hardcover) £1.95 (paperback)

and

The Use of Action Research in Developing Urban Planning Policy: Report of Colloquium, Bristol, June 1975 London, Department of the Environment, 1975.

M. Harloe, Swindon: A Town in Transition, London, Heinemann for the centre for Environmental Studies, 1975.

D. W. Pearce ed., The Economics of Natural Resource Depletion, London, Macmillan, 1975.

J. B. Goddard, Office Location in Urban and Regional Development

B. Fullerton, The Development of British Transport Networks

B. T. Robson, Urban Social Areas

P. L. Knox, Social Well‐Being: A Spatial Perspective

Four volumes in the Theory and Practice in Geography series, edited by J. W. House, A. S. Gouldie & J. H. C. Patten and published by Oxford University Press, 1975. All paperback at £0.90.

James A. Swan & William B. Stapp eds., Environmental Education: Strategies Toward a More Liveable Future, Halstead Press — John Wiley, 1974.

A. G. Wilson & M. J. Kirkby, Mathematics for Geographers and Planners, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1975     

受西班牙阿斯纳科利亚尔黄铁矿有毒污染液影响的土壤和植物中镉和锌浓度

引言 阿斯纳科利亚尔矿处于自西班牙中南部延伸至葡萄牙的黄铜矿丰富地带,劳斯福若斯是该矿的一个新开采地点,位于西班牙南部塞维尔以西45km,于1996年开工.提炼具有极高商业价值的锌(Zn)、铅(Pb)和汞(Hg)等高等级矿石产生了大量的重金属矿泥污水和高酸度废水(pH 2),而这些废水贮存在残渣围坝内,1998年4月25日,一处50m宽的决口使600万m3富含重金属的酸性废水和有毒矿渣泥浆(2:1的比例)泄漏到流经唐娜纳的高迪亚玛河(Gaudiamar).     

新千年的能源

本文讨论了有关能源的思想观念的演变.20年前当几位作者开始携手合作研究能源时,人们一般是以发展的眼光、从供应方的角度来考虑能源问题,将注意力集中到消费趋势以及如何扩大供给以满足不断增长的需求上.这种方法在能源利用的环境影响、安全性和公平合理性方面的研究局限深深地困扰着他们.例如,大约有20亿人口经济条件有限,买不起现代能源,这严重限制了他们生活水平的提高.此外,能源还是造成环境问题的重要因素,其中包括室内空气污染、城市空气污染、酸化和全球气候变暧等.笔者认为,应当树立新的能源供给观念,使能源的供给方式有助于解决这些严重问题.笔者主张,能源必须成为推进可持续发展——经济上可行、以需要为导向、自力更生的能及无损于环境的发展——的工具,而且,应当将研究重点放在能源的终端用途上和能源供应的服务上.有助于实现可持续发展目标的能源技术方案也在本文进行了讨论.文中强调了制订和运用新型能源技术解决方案的必要性.笔者以巴西乙醇的利用为例,阐述了使发展中国家避免重复工业化国家所犯错误而在技术上实现跨越式发展的可能性.文中还重点介绍了在发展中国家引进先进技术过程中外国直接投资可能起到的作用,阐述了农村能源的近期和远期战略.最后,介绍了促进能源系统的发展,使之与可持续发展的步调一致并且支持可持续发展的相关政策.     

技术、知识体系、人口动态及沿海生态系统

引言 以下三篇文章分别对海岸带生态系统、人口变化和科学技术发展对海岸带资源利用影响之间的复杂关系进行综合论述.     

Species composition, biomass and vertical distribution of micronekton over the mid-slope region off southern Tasmania, Australia

Seasonal sampling was carried out based on day/night, vertically stratified tows (100 or 125 m strata) in the upper 900 m of the water column over the mid-slope commercial fishing grounds south of Tasmania. A large midwater trawl (105 m² mouth area) was used with an opening/closing cod-end. Subtropical convergence and subtropical species dominated the fauna, but many less abundant, more widely-distributed species were also present. Fishes, which contributed 89% of micronekton biomass and 135 of 178 species, were dominated by the Myctophidae (48% biomass and 48 species). Twenty micronekton species made up 80% of the total biomass. Overall, the micronekton fish biomass in this region was 2.2 g m⁻² wet weight. A pronounced day/night shift in the distribution of biomass was attributable to diel migratory species. During the day, <0.2% of the total micronekton biomass was found in 0 to 300 m; most biomass was below 400 m, with peaks at 400 to 525 m and 775 to 900 m. At night, 53% of the biomass was found in 0 to 300 m, with progressively less in each deeper stratum. The vertical ranges of individual species typically exceeded 400 to 500 m during the day and night and were non-coincident, although nyctoepipelagic migrators were concentrated in the surface 200 m at night. Distinct epipelagic, lower and upper mesopelagic assemblages were identified, and patterns of epipelagic migration, limited migration and non-migration were categorised for species from each of the lower and upper mesopelagic assemblages. The vertical distribution of these assemblages was coincident with the primary water masses: subantarctic mode water (∼250 to 600 m) and antarctic intermediate water (below ∼700 m). The flux of migrating micronekton, estimated at 0.94 to 3.36 g C m⁻² yr⁻¹ to the lower mesopelagic and 1.14 to 4.06 g C m⁻² yr⁻¹ to the upper mesopelagic, appeared to be considerably outweighed by the consumption needs of aggregated mid-slope benthopelagic predators. We suggest that advection of mesopelagic prey in antarctic intermediate water may sustain aggregated populations of orange roughy (Hoplostethus atlanticus) and other predators on the micronekton in mid-slope depths at this site. Received: 2 April 1997 / Accepted: 21 August 1997     

Seasonal composition of meroplankton and holoplankton in the Bristol Channel

A decreasing gradation in the plankton standing stock of the Bristol Channel was observed from the seaward section to the inner, less saline, reaches. Two sub-regions of our survey, the North Outer Channel (NOC) and the Inner Channel (IC), represented the extremes of this gradient and were selected for detailed comparison. The integrated zooplankton biomass, over the 307 d sampling period (4 November 1973 to 6 September 1974), was 2 475 mg C m^-3 (266 mg C m^-2 d^-1) in the NOC and 335 mg C m^-3 (20 mg C m^-2 d^-1) in the IC. The omnivorous plankton accounted for 76% of the standing stock in the NOC and 89% in the IC, of which 58 and 23% were meroplankton and 39 and 71% were holoplankton, respectively; the remainder was unassigned. The majority of the meroplankton in both subregions was decapod larvae and adults, whereas the holoplankton biomass was dominated in the NOC by copepods (89%) and in the IC by mysids (57%), mainly Schistomyzis spiritus. Centropages hamatus was the most abundant copepod species in the NOC and accounted for 32% of the total holoplankton omnivore standing stock. In the NOC and IC, the carnivorous plankton accounted for 24 and 11% of the total plankton biomass, respectively. In the two sub-regions, 20 and 21% of the carnivores were meroplanktonic (primarily larvae of sprats and pilchards), while the holoplankton carnivores contributed 75 and 74% to the NOC and IC, respectively (Sagitta elegans, Pleurobrachia pileus). S. elegans dominated the holoplankton carnivore biomass for the majority of the year and accounted for 96% in the NOC and 60% in the IC. The integrated total particulate carbon over the 307 d period was 200 g C m^-3 (6 600 g C m^-2) in the NOC and 838 g C m^-3 (15 084 g C m^-2) in the IC. The annual primary production ranged from 164.9 g C m^-2 yr^-1 in the Outer Channel (North and South) to 6.8 g C m^-2 yr^-1 in the IC. The zooplankton biomass reached a maximum in July. The total particulate carbon (TPC) in July was 400 mg C m^-3 in the NOC of which ca. 78 mg C m^-3 were phytoplankton and ca. 21 mg C m^-3 were zooplankton; these values compare favourably with those found in the adjoining Celtic Sea. In the IC, the TPC was 2 800 mg C m^-3, of which ca. 107 mg C m^-3 were phytoplankton and 2.8 mg C m^-3 were zooplankton. From the low primary production estimates for the IC it can be concluded that the majority of the chlorophyll, like the TPC, was allochthonous in origin. Furthermore it is suggested that zooplankton plays a minor role in this estuarine ecosystem and is not the main consumer of the suspended particulate carbon; the benthic filter-feeding communities are presumed to fulfill this role in the Bristol Channel.