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51.
Valuing New Jersey’s Ecosystem Services and Natural Capital: A Spatially Explicit Benefit Transfer Approach 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Shuang Liu Robert Costanza Austin Troy John D’Aagostino Willam Mates 《Environmental management》2010,45(6):1271-1285
We intend to estimate the value of ecosystem services in the U.S. State of New Jersey using spatially explicit benefit transfer.
The aggregated net rent, a conservative underestimate for the total economic value of the state’s natural environment, ranged
from 11.6 to11.6 to 19.6 billion/year, conditional on how inclusive we were in selecting the primary studies used to calculate
the central tendency values to transfer. In addition to calculating the range, mean, and standard deviation for each of 12
ecosystem services for 11 Land Use/Land Cover (LULC) types, we also conduct a gap analysis of how well ecosystem service values
are represented in the literature. We then map these values by assuming a mean value for each LULC and apply this to spatial
data. As to sensitivity analysis, we calculate the net present value of New Jersey’s natural environment utilizing three different
methods of discounting. These research results provide a useful, albeit imperfect, basis for assessing the value of ecosystem
services and natural capital, and their comparison with the value of conventional human and built capitals. 相似文献
52.
Patrick D. Hopkins Austin Dacey 《Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics》2008,21(6):579-596
Between people who unabashedly support eating meat and those who adopt moral vegetarianism, lie a number of people who are uncomfortably carnivorous and vaguely wish they could be vegetarians. Opposing animal suffering in principle, they can ignore it in practice, relying on the visual disconnect between supermarket meat and slaughterhouse practices not to trigger their moral emotions. But what if we could have the best of both worlds in reality—eat meat and not harm animals? The nascent biotechnology of tissue culture, originally researched for medical applications, holds out just such a promise. Meat could be grown in vitro without killing animals. In fact, this technology may not just be an intriguing option, but might be our moral obligation to develop. 相似文献
53.
The open space conservation sub-division offers an alternative to large-lot residential sub-divisions often seen as the culprit when urban sprawl transforms rural landscapes. Homes are sited on somewhat smaller lots, preserving natural areas for the local residents who share ownership of these communal areas and assume responsibility for their management. The article focuses on the experiences of residents of 13 relatively new open space communities. The interviews revealed that most of the communities have already confronted conflicting values with respect to natural areas, low resident participation and challenges in accessing appropriate information. While the open space conservation design holds great promise as a tool for innovative approaches to managing residential growth, it also calls for ways to anticipate and assist communities in caring for their local environment. Recommendations are offered for planning professionals based upon the experience of these open space community residents. 相似文献
54.
Pearson N S Mnkeni Funso R Kutu Pardon Muchaonyerwa Lorimer M Austin 《Waste management & research》2008,26(2):132-139
The introduction of ecological sanitation (ECOSAN) toilets in South Africa has created opportunities for safer sanitation and recycling of human excreta, as fertilizers, in rural and peri-urban areas. A study was carried out to evaluate the fertilizer value of human urine (0 to 400 kg N ha(-1)) for maize and tomato, compared to urea, in a tunnel house. Dry matter yield of both maize and tomato, harvested at 9 and 10 weeks after planting, respectively, increased with increasing N rate (both as urine or urea) up to 200 kg N ha(-1). Urea reduced soil electrical conductivity (EC) whereas urine increased it. Leaf tissue Na, in both crops, also increased with urine application. A follow-up study was carried out with two crops with contrasting sensitivity to salinity and using a wider range of N application (0 to 800 kg N ha(-1)). The results indicated increased root and leaf dry-matter yield of beetroot (tolerant to salinity) with increased urine rates up to the highest rate of 800 kg N ha(-1), whereas the leaf and root dry-matter yield of carrot, which is sensitive to salinity, peaked at the low urine application rate of 50 kg N ha(-1). Soil EC increased with urine application up to 4.64 and 13.35 mS cm(-1), under beetroot and carrot, respectively. Generally the results showed that human urine compared well with urea as a source of N for crops but optimum rates depend on the sensitivity of the crops to soil salinity, which should be monitored where human urine is regularly used for fertilizing crops. 相似文献
55.
Austin Ives Bart Baca Christos Douligeris Lefteris Iakovou 《Chemistry and Ecology》1998,15(1):223-233
Federal and State agencies have recently advocated risk-based analysis as a mechanism for advancing regulatory reform and safety determination in marine systems. the present investigation promotes this objective through the development of risk-based environmental planning strategies for oil spill contingency plans. This alternative approach to contingency planning departs from conventional methodology by employing quantitative risk assessment methods to identify hazardous oil spill zones and sensitive environmental areas, Ro and Re respectively. the product of this conversion is referenced on a single “Risk” layer within a Geographic Information System (GIS) framework allowing coastal managers to evaluate natural resource data with associated elements of oil spill risk. As a new tool for coastal pollution management, risk-based environmental planning strategies have shown potential for evolving more efficient oil spill contingency plans. 相似文献
56.
Eadsforth Charles Austin Tom Bouvy Alain Cassani Giorgio DeFerrer Juanantonio Hager Claus-Dierk Schowanek Diederik Taeger Klaus Willing Andreas 《Environmental Sciences Europe》2013,25(1):1-9
The project focuses on the efficiency of combined technologies to reduce the release of micropollutants and bacteria into surface waters via sewage treatment plants of different size and via stormwater overflow basins of different types. As a model river in a highly populated catchment area, the river Schussen and, as a control, the river Argen, two tributaries of Lake Constance, Southern Germany, are under investigation in this project. The efficiency of the different cleaning technologies is monitored by a wide range of exposure and effect analyses including chemical and microbiological techniques as well as effect studies ranging from molecules to communities. 相似文献
57.
The present prospective study examines the interplay between the quality of relationships with coworkers and work motivation in predicting burnout. Considering self-determined motivation at work as a potential moderator, we investigated whether relationships with coworkers are equally important to all employees in preventing burnout. A total of 533 college employees participated in this study. Data were collected at two time points, two years apart. Results from structural equation modeling indicated negative main effects for high-quality relationships and self-determined motivation on burnout. A significant interaction effect between these two factors on burnout was also revealed, suggesting that high-quality relationships with coworkers is crucial for those employees who exhibit less self-determined work motivation. Implications for burnout research and management practices are discussed (Deci & Ryan, 1985 ). Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
58.
Austin W. Hogan 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)》2013,63(8):759-762
A simplified aerosol coagulation model has been developed, to determine the mutual coagulation of many discrete size classes. The model has been applied to computation of the growth of light scattering particles from a small monodisperse aerosol, and prediction of aerosol size and concentration downwind of sources. These computations are in good agreement with field observations. This model is sufficiently simplified to allow programming In contemporary desk calculators and is an extremely practical tool for application of aerosol technology to air pollution problems. 相似文献
59.
William J. Stanley Austin N. Heller 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)》2013,63(10):536-540
This paper discusses the approach used by the City of Chicago to encourage the implementation of an air resource management program in the metropolitan area. It explores the many facets that were helpful in designing and implementing the City of Chicago’s Five-Year Air Resource Management Program and the progress to date. Also highlighted is the social geography of the metropolitan area and the relationship of population growth and rapid industrial expansion to the area’s air pollution problem. Existing control programs in the Chicago Metropolitan Area are reviewed and are used to document the various elements essential for the success of an air resource management program. These include the Chicago Program, the Cook County Program, the State of Illinois Program and the Interstate Program between Illinois and Indiana. The authors devote considerable discussion to the methodology used to develop an air resource management program, including selection of goals, design of organization, technical development, definition of sources and effects, systems approach, and long- and short-range objectives. The importance of a public information and education program and its relationship to various segments of community leadership are also covered in this paper 相似文献
60.