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181.
Courtland L. Smith Jennifer Gilden Brent S. Steel Karina Mrakovcich 《Environmental management》1998,22(5):671-681
/ Emerging ecosystem science builds on adaptive management as an approach to dealing with salmon problems in the Pacific Northwest. Adaptive management brings scientific and democratic processes together. However, managers, the public, resource users, and scientists differ in their views on the causes of salmon decline. Managers emphasize habitat loss and over-harvest as the primary causes; commercial fishers point to habitat loss, management practices, and predators; and the public gives greatest weight to water pollution and ocean drift nets. Scientific studies of salmon often produce results that seem contradictory or unclear to the public. For adaptive management to be effective, scientists' and the public need to better understand one another's perspectives.KEY WORDS: Perception; Fishery management; Salmon; Pacific Northwest; Science 相似文献
182.
In 1991, provisions for environmental impact assessment in New Zealand were changed significantly with the enactment of the
Resource Management Act. Among other provisions, this act requires consideration of cumulative impacts in environmental assessment
activities undertaken by planners in newly created regional authorities and district and city councils. The institutional
context in which the act is being implemented offers both opportunities and constraints to cumulative impact assessment. A
lack of methods for CIA is a recognized problem. However, methods that have been developed for environmental impact assessments
can be modified to incorporate second-, third-, and fourth-order impacts as well as to identify the direction and magnitude
of additive and synergistic impacts. Layered matrices and combined networks are examples of such methods. While they do not
allow for scientific prediction, they do provide the practitioner with the ability to consider the cumulative impacts of decisions.
This is crucial in New Zealand, where statutory requirements are ahead of established methodologies. 相似文献
183.
184.
Keith A. Cherkauer Stephen J. Burges Rebecca N. Handcock Jennifer E. Kay Stephanie K. Kampf Alan R. Gillespie 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》2005,41(5):1149-1159
One central issue affecting the health of native fish species in the Pacific Northwest is water temperature. In situ observation methods monitor point temperatures, while thermal infrared (TIR) remote sensing captures spatial variations. Satellite‐based TIR sensors have the ability to view large regions in an instant. Four Pacific Northwest river reaches were selected to test the ability of both satellite‐based and moderate resolution aircraft‐based TIR remote sensing products to measure river temperatures. Images with resolutions of 5, 15, and 90 meters were compared with instream temperature observations to assess how along stream radiant temperatures are affected by resolution, reach width, and sensor platform. Where the stream reach can be resolved by the sensor, all sensors obtain water temperatures within ±2°C of instream observations. Along stream temperature variations of up to ±5°C were also observed. Trends were similar between two sets of TIR images taken several hours apart, indicating that the sensors are observing actual temperature patterns from the river surface. If sensor resolution is sufficient to obtain fully resolved water pixels in the river reach, accurate temperatures and spatial patterns can be observed. The current generation of satellite‐based TIR sensors is, however, only able to resolve about 6 percent of all Washington reaches listed as thermally impaired. 相似文献
185.
Jennifer G. Duan Richard H. French Julie Miller 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》2002,38(1):255-263
ABSTRACT: The growth of aquatic plants in open‐channels has many adverse environmental effects including, but not limited to, impeding the transport of water, hindering navigation, increasing flood elevations, increasing sediment deposition, and degrading water quality. Existing control strategies include physical removal and chemical treatment. Physical removal is only a temporary solution and chemical treatment is unacceptable if the water will be consumed by humans. The hydrodynamic method can wash out the encroached aquatic plants by keeping flow velocity higher than the critical velocity required to bend and rupture (lodge) their stems. This approach is a promising, physically‐based, efficient, economic, and permanent solution for this problem. However, the success of this approach requires the accurate prediction of the critical lodging velocity. This paper presents an analytic study of the lodging velocity for the submerged portion of aquatic plants of narrow leaved emergent stems that are wider at bottom than the top. Based on the principles of engineering materials and the theory of turbulent flow, a semi‐empirical formula is derived for the prediction of the critical lodging velocity. It indicates that the lodging of aquatic plants is controlled not only by flow conditions but also the geometric and mechanical characteristics of the plants. These analytic results provide a satisfactory explanation of the lodging phenomena observed in the field and are verified by the available experimental data. 相似文献
186.
Peter M. Kiffney Jennifer P. Bull Michael C. Feller 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》2002,38(5):1437-1451
ABSTRACT: Climate data from the Malcolm Knapp Research Forest (MKRF) in the Coast Range mountains of southwestern British Columbia were used to examine relationships between climate and hydrology and variations in the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO). Air and water temperatures were higher and precipitation was lower during in‐phase or warm PDO/E1 Niño events than in other years. In contrast, in‐phase or cool PDO/La Niña years were generally cooler and wetter than other years. Precipitation and East Creek discharge were positively related to the Southern Oscillation Index (SOI) and negatively related to the PDO index. Conversely, air and water temperatures were negatively related to the SOI and positively related to the PDO index. Differences in precipitation and air temperature were also evident at longer time scales when separated by PDO phase. Because of drier conditions during in‐phase El Niño events, the flow of organic matter from East Creek to downstream portions of the channel network was lower compared to other years. This reduction has implications for downstream communities, as these subsidies provide a major source of energy for stream food webs. Therefore, short term and long term shifts in climate, discharge, and water temperature may have profound impacts on the ecology of Pacific Northwest (PNW) watersheds due to changes in a number of ecosystem processes such as altered flux of organic matter from headwater streams to larger rivers. 相似文献
187.
Jennifer K. Holman‐Dodds A. Allen Bradley Kenneth W. Potter 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》2003,39(1):205-215
ABSTRACT: As watersheds are urbanized, their surfaces are made less pervious and more channelized, which reduces infiltration and speeds up the removal of excess runoff. Traditional storm water management seeks to remove runoff as quickly as possible, gathering excess runoff in detention basins for peak reduction where necessary. In contrast, more recently developed “low impact” alternatives manage rainfall where it falls, through a combination of enhancing infiltration properties of pervious areas and rerouting impervious runoff across pervious areas to allow an opportunity for infiltration. In this paper, we investigate the potential for reducing the hydrologic impacts of urbanization by using infiltration based, low impact storm water management. We describe a group of preliminary experiments using relatively simple engineering tools to compare three basic scenarios of development: an undeveloped landscape; a fully developed landscape using traditional, high impact storm water management; and a fully developed landscape using infiltration based, low impact design. Based on these experiments, it appears that by manipulating the layout of urbanized landscapes, it is possible to reduce impacts on hydrology relative to traditional, fully connected storm water systems. However, the amount of reduction in impact is sensitive to both rainfall event size and soil texture, with greatest reductions being possible for small, relatively frequent rainfall events and more pervious soil textures. Thus, low impact techniques appear to provide a valuable tool for reducing runoff for the events that see the greatest relative increases from urbanization: those generated by the small, relatively frequent rainfall events that are small enough to produce little or no runoff from pervious surfaces, but produce runoff from impervious areas. However, it is clear that there still needs to be measures in place for flood management for larger, more intense, and relatively rarer storm events, which are capable of producing significant runoff even for undeveloped basins. 相似文献
188.
Craig Divine Shandra Justicia-León Jennifer M. Tilton Erika Carter Erik Zardouzian Katherine Clark Dora Taggart 《补救:环境净化治理成本、技术与工艺杂志》2023,33(3):209-216
Important reactive minerals are commonly created during in situ groundwater remediation activities; for example, iron sulfides formed during enhanced reduction approaches can abiotically degrade many chlorinated solvents. However, cost-effective tools to evaluate these treatment processes in field applications are limited and the collection of samples to evaluate in situ mineral formation is costly due to drilling requirements. The new passive Min-Trap sampler is a simple and cost-effective tool that can directly measure the formation of reactive minerals in situ without the need for additional drilling or soil core collection. The methods presented here describe how Min-Traps deployed in conventional monitoring wells can measure reactive minerals and how these minerals can be identified through commercially available analytical methods. Several examples are presented that show how Min-Traps can be used to characterize the rate and spatial variability of reactive mineral precipitation and these data may support operation and optimization decisions. 相似文献
189.
Stayers versus movers: Social capital and early career imprinting among young professionals 下载免费PDF全文
We investigate what interfirm career mobility patterns would emerge if individuals are motivated by the job rewards they obtain as a function of their experience in organizations. We articulate two career strategies that individuals employ to navigate their early careers—commitment to a single employer and “job hopping” between different employers. Each strategy generates social capital (an individual's structure of social relations) but of a different kind. Embeddedness in the same organization over time develops a strong local identity and reputation within the firm. Boundary spanning through experience in different organizations creates opportunities for connecting people and ideas and for knowledge transfer between firms. We posit and present evidence that the choice between these two strategies is conditioned by social experience at the onset of one's career—the length of tenure with the first employer—which sorts individuals into “stayers” and “movers.” 相似文献
190.
Jennifer Ann McGetrickTania BubelaDavid S.Hik 《环境影响评价》2018,(2):97-98
无论从程序上还是内容上,公众参与对开展可持续的环境评价都是必不可少的。听证会是公众参与最便捷的途径,但其也面临着各方的政治压力,需快速有效地开展。听证会记录的保存为研究环评公众参与提供了最原始的数据,但数据分析需要大量的时间和精力,不利于开展经常需要的深度定性分析。自动内容分析技术提供了分析听证会记录的快速、可复制、可归纳的系统方法,包括计算机编程脚本的重要开发和应用,能合成大量的文档信息。此文通过加拿大西北部麦肯齐山谷Prairie Creek(EA0809-002;2008—2011)和Nico(EA0809-004;2009—2013)两个听证会案例研究,证实了此技术的潜在功用。通过对分析结果的解读,对自动内容分析技术进行了评估,并预估了将其广泛应用于环境评价研究和实践的可能性。 相似文献