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21.
Jacob Heilmann‐Clausen Elizabeth S. Barron Lynne Boddy Anders Dahlberg Gareth W. Griffith Jenni Nordén Otso Ovaskainen Claudia Perini Beatrice Senn‐Irlet Panu Halme 《Conservation biology》2015,29(1):61-68
Hitherto fungi have rarely been considered in conservation biology, but this is changing as the field moves from addressing single species issues to an integrative ecosystem‐based approach. The current emphasis on biodiversity as a provider of ecosystem services throws the spotlight on the vast diversity of fungi, their crucial roles in terrestrial ecosystems, and the benefits of considering fungi in concert with animals and plants. We reviewed the role of fungi in ecosystems and composed an overview of the current state of conservation of fungi. There are 5 areas in which fungi can be readily integrated into conservation: as providers of habitats and processes important for other organisms; as indicators of desired or undesired trends in ecosystem functioning; as indicators of habitats of conservation value; as providers of powerful links between human societies and the natural world because of their value as food, medicine, and biotechnological tools; and as sources of novel tools and approaches for conservation of megadiverse organism groups. We hope conservation professionals will value the potential of fungi, engage mycologists in their work, and appreciate the crucial role of fungi in nature. Una Perspectiva Micótica de la Biología de la Conservación 相似文献
22.
Across the globe, groups are experimenting with initiatives to create alternatives to the dominant food system. What role might research play in helping to strengthen and multiply these initiatives? In this paper we discuss two research projects in Australia and the Philippines in which we have cultivated hybrid collectives of academic researchers, lay researchers and various non-human others with the intention of enacting community food economies. We feature three critical interactions in the “hybrid collective research method”: gathering, which brings together those who share concerns about community food economies; reassembling, in which material gathered is deliberatively rebundled to amplify particular insights; and translating, by which reassembled ideas are taken up by other collectives so they may continue to “do work”. We argue that in a climate-changing world, the hybrid collective research method fosters opportunities for a range of human and non-human participants to act in concert to build community food economies. 相似文献
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The rise of dual‐earner couples challenges traditional gender stereotypes of women as “caregivers” and men as “breadwinners” and significantly impacts the ways in which partners define their roles as family members. The way in which individuals construe their family identities has implications not only for the decisions they make at home but also decisions in the workplace. In this paper, we propose an updated understanding of the different ways in which men and women can construe their family identity—specifically, in terms of care and/or career. Based upon this nuanced understanding of family identity, we outline five dual‐earner couple types—traditional, non‐traditional, family first, outsourced, and egalitarian—that stem from distinct combinations of partners' family identities. We also outline an agenda for theory and research that challenges scholars to further explore our proposed construals of family identity, work–family decisions at the couple level of analysis, and the interplay between family identity and social context. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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Lowenthal DH Kumar N Hand J Day D Kreidenweis S Collett J Lee T Ashbaugh L 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)》2003,53(10):1273-1279
The hygroscopic properties of the organic fraction of aerosols are poorly understood. The ability of organic aerosols to absorb water as a function of relative humidity (RH) was examined using data collected during the 1999 Big Bend Regional Aerosol and Visibility Observational Study (BRAVO). (On average, organics accounted for 22% of fine particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter less than 2.5 microm (PM2.5) mass). Hourly RH exceeded 80% only 3.5% of the time and averaged 44%. BRAVO aerosol chemical composition and dry particle size distributions were used to estimate PM2.5 light scattering (Bsp) at low and high ambient RH. Liquid water growth associated with inorganic species was sufficient to account for measured Bsp for RH between 70 and 95%. 相似文献
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28.
Alastair W. Robertson ‡ Dave Kelly † Jenny J. Ladley † and Ashley D. Sparrow† 《Conservation biology》1999,13(3):499-508
Abstract: The endemic mistletoes Peraxilla colensoi and P. tetrapetala (Loranthaceae) have declined considerably in New Zealand since 1840, reputedly because of introduced herbivores but coincident with a major decline in native bird densities. We show that at two South Island sites ( Craigieburn and Ohau) there are too few bird pollinators visiting the flowers to allow full fruit set. We studied pollination rates in P. colensoi at Wakefield and P. tetrapetala at Craigieburn over four flowering seasons and P. tetrapetala in one season at Ohau. Supplemental hand pollination increased fruit production 1.25–5.3 times at Craigieburn and Ohau but not at Wakefield. Excluding birds by covering mistletoes with mesh bags decreased fruit set significantly at Wakefield but had little effect at Craigieburn and Ohau. Bellbirds ( Anthornis melanura ) and Tuis ( Prosthemadera novaeseelandiae ) visited flowers significantly more often at Wakefield than at Craigieburn. A lack of pollen tubes in the style, not self-incompatibility or resource shortage, caused the low fruit production in unmanipulated flowers at Craigieburn. Thus, at the two P. tetrapetala sites (Craigieburn and Ohau) fruit set was chronically pollen limited, whereas P. colensoi at Wakefield was not pollen-limited. Data from other Peraxilla sites also suggest pollination failure. Our study suggests that the conservation of Peraxilla species will require maintenance of native bird populations. Tuis and Bellbirds are important pollinators and dispersers of many other New Zealand plants, and the breakdown of such mutualistic relationships may have widespread consequences. 相似文献
29.
Summary. The among-leaves allocation of DIBOA, a hydroxamic acid associated with plant resistance, in the shoot of rye (Secale cereale) was evaluated over the vegetative development of the plant. The appropriateness of using the concentration of secondary
metabolites, DIBOA in this case, as the parameter to evaluate defense allocation in plants is discussed. Both biological and
statistical arguments are put forward to suggest that allocation of chemical defenses should refer to absolute content and
not to concentration. Results showed that leaf age was significantly linked to leaf concentration of DIBOA, young leaves having
higher concentrations. In contrast, leaf content of DIBOA, our proposed currency of allocation, was not significantly higher
in younger leaves. Furthermore, a regression analysis showed that the DIBOA content of leaves was better explained by the
leaf relative biomass (proportion of shoot biomass) than by leaf biomass itself. It is suggested that, rather than leaf age,
leaf relative biomass is the major factor determining DIBOA allocation in rye shoots. It is proposed that studies addressing
within-plant defense allocation should use chemical defense content as the currency, emphasizing the major factors driving
this process and its underlying mechanisms. Likewise, it is proposed that studies aiming at characterizing optimal patterns
of plant defense should use chemical defense concentration as the currency, and be accompanied by evaluations of the actual
resistance against herbivores of the plant parts analyzed, together with the effect on plant fitness.
Received 19 February 1999; accepted 28 April 1999. 相似文献
30.
Ong Jenny Mahmood Noor Zalina Musa Siti Nurmaya 《Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management》2021,23(3):1258-1269
Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management - Malaysia is a developing country, and its economic growth has caused the increase in the generation of industrial waste in terms of its volume. The... 相似文献