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181.
The confusion effect describes the observed decrease in the likelihood that a predator will successfully catch any prey when
attacking larger groups of moving prey. We introduce readers to the work of cognitive psychologists interested in human visual
attention who have been studying their own version of the confusion effect for many years, developing methods and concepts
that may be of fundamental utility to behavioral ecologists. In psychology, ‘basic features’ are characteristics unique to
a target object in the visual field that no distracter objects share. Images containing targets with basic features are often
less likely to induce the confusion effect in human subjects. Target objects with conjunctions of features, on the other hand,
have no individual characteristics unique from distracters, but unique characteristics in combination. Such targets more often induce the confusion effect in humans. We propose the ‘basic feature’ (vs. conjunctions of features)
as a new organizing concept for studies on the occurrence of the confusion effect in nature, potentially allowing predictions
about which types of prey groups are likely to induce the confusion effect in predators. 相似文献
182.
183.
David Bierbach Sophie Oster Jonas Jourdan Lenin Arias-Rodriguez Jens Krause Alexander D. M. Wilson Martin Plath 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2014,68(6):935-945
Social organization is often studied through point estimates of individual association or interaction patterns, which does not account for temporal changes in the course of familiarization processes and the establishment of social dominance. Here, we present new insights on short-term temporal dynamics in social organization of mixed-sex groups that have the potential to affect sexual selection patterns. Using the live-bearing Atlantic molly (Poecilia mexicana), a species with pronounced male size polymorphism, we investigated social network dynamics of mixed sex experimental groups consisting of eight females and three different-sized males over a period of 5 days. Analyzing association-based social networks as well as direct measures of spatial proximity, we found that large males tended to monopolize most females, while excluding small- and medium-bodied males from access to females. This effect, however, emerged only gradually over time, and different-sized males had equal access to females on day 1 as well as day 2, though to a lesser extent. In this highly aggressive species with strong social dominance stratifications, the observed temporal dynamics in male-female association patterns may balance the presumed reproductive skew among differentially competitive male phenotypes when social structures are unstable (i.e., when individual turnover rates are moderate to high). Ultimately, our results point toward context-dependent sexual selection arising from temporal shifts in social organization. 相似文献
184.
Toxicity, dioxin-like activities, and endocrine effects of DDT metabolites—DDA, DDMU, DDMS, and DDCN
Wetterauer B Ricking M Otte JC Hallare AV Rastall A Erdinger L Schwarzbauer J Braunbeck T Hollert H 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2012,19(2):403-415
Background, aim, and scope
2,2-bis(chlorophenyl)-1,1,1-trichloroethane (DDT) metabolites, other than those routinely measured [i.e., 2,2-bis(chlorophenyl)-1,1-dichloroethylene (DDE) and 2,2-bis(chlorophenyl)-1,1-dichloroethane (DDD)], have recently been detected in elevated concentrations not only in the surface water of Teltow Canal, Berlin, but also in sediment samples from Elbe tributaries (e.g., Mulde and Havel/Spree). This was paralleled by recent reports that multiple other metabolites could emerge from the degradation of parent DDT by naturally occurring organisms or by interaction with some heavy metals. Nevertheless, only very few data on the biological activities of these metabolites are available to date. The objective of this communication is to evaluate, for the first time, the cytotoxicity, dioxin-like activity, and estrogenicity of the least-studied DDT metabolites. 相似文献185.
Bacterial antibiotic resistance levels in Danish farmland as a result of treatment with pig manure slurry 总被引:17,自引:0,他引:17
Sengeløv G Agersø Y Halling-Sørensen B Baloda SB Andersen JS Jensen LB 《Environment international》2003,28(7):587-595
Resistance to tetracycline, macrolides and streptomycin was measured for a period of 8 months in soil bacteria obtained from farmland treated with pig manure slurry. This was done by spread plating bacteria on selective media (Luria Bertani (LB) medium supplemented with antibiotics). To account for seasonal variations in numbers of soil bacteria, ratios of resistant bacteria divided by total count on nonselective plates were calculated. Soil samples were collected from four different farms and from a control soil on a fifth farm. The control soil was not amended with animal manure. The occurrence of tetracycline-resistant bacteria was elevated after spread of pig manure slurry but declined throughout the sampling period to a level corresponding to the control soil. Higher load of pig manure slurry yielded higher occurrence of tetracycline resistance after spreading; however, the tetracycline resistance declined to normal occurrence defined by the tetracycline resistance occurrence in the control soil. Concentrations of tetracycline in soil and in pig manure slurry were measured using HPLC. No tetracycline exceeding the detection limit was found in soil samples. Manure slurry concentrations of tetracycline for three of the farms were 42, 81 and 698 microg/l, respectively. For streptomycin and macrolides, only minor variations in resistance levels were detected. Results obtained in this study thus indicate that tetracycline resistance levels in soil are temporarily influenced by the addition of pig manure slurry. The results indicate also that increased amount of pig manure slurry amendment may result in increased levels of tetracycline resistance in the soil. 相似文献
186.
Environmental governance and management are facing a multiplicity of challenges related to spatial scales and multiple levels
of governance. Water management is a field particularly sensitive to issues of scale because the hydrological system with
its different scalar levels from small catchments to large river basins plays such a prominent role. It thus exemplifies fundamental
issues and dilemmas of scale in modern environmental management and governance. In this introductory article to an Environmental Management special feature on “Multilevel Water Governance: Coping with Problems of Scale,” we delineate our understanding of problems
of scale and the dimensions of scalar politics that are central to water resource management. We provide an overview of the
contributions to this special feature, concluding with a discussion of how scalar research can usefully challenge conventional
wisdom on water resource management. We hope that this discussion of water governance stimulates a broader debate and inquiry
relating to the scalar dimensions of environmental governance and management in general. 相似文献
187.
188.
Effects of Experimental Otter Trawling on Surficial Sediment Properties of a Sandy-Bottom Ecosystem on the Grand Banks of Newfoundland 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
189.
Migration of uranium(IV)/(VI) in the presence of humic acids in quartz sand: a laboratory column study 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Mibus J Sachs S Pfingsten W Nebelung C Bernhard G 《Journal of contaminant hydrology》2007,89(3-4):199-217
The migration behavior of U(IV) and U(VI) in the presence of humic acid was studied in a quartz sand system. Laboratory column experiments were performed using humic acid, U(VI) in humic acid absence, U(IV) and U(VI) in humic acid presence, and for comparison a conservative tracer. In experiments using humic acid, both redox species of U migrate nearly as fast as the conservative tracer. Humic acid accelerates the U(VI) breakthrough compared to the humic acid-free system. There are strong indications for a similar effect on the U(IV) transport. At the same time, a part of U(IV) and U(VI) associated with the humic acid is immobilized in the quartz sand due to humic colloid filtration thus producing a delaying effect. Tailing at a low concentration level was observed upon tracer elution. The experimental breakthrough curves were described by reactive transport modeling using equations for equilibrium and kinetic reactions. The present study demonstrates that humic acids can play an important role in the migration of actinides. As natural organic matter is ubiquitous in aquifer systems, the humic colloid-borne transport of actinides is of high relevance in performance assessment. 相似文献
190.
Holtze MS Hansen HC Juhler RK Sørensen J Aamand J 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2007,148(1):343-351
This is the first detailed study of metabolite production during degradation of the herbicide 2,6-dichlorobenzonitrile (dichlobenil). Degradation of dichlobenil and three potential metabolites: 2,6-dichlorobenzamide (BAM), 2,6-dichlorobenzoic acid (2,6-DCBA) and ortho-chlorobenzamide (OBAM) was studied in soils either previously exposed or not exposed to dichlobenil using a newly developed HPLC method. Dichlobenil was degraded in all four soils; BAM and 2,6-DCBA were only degraded in soils previously exposed to dichlobenil (100% within 35-56 days and 85-100% in 56 days, respectively), and OBAM in all four soils (25-33% removal in 48 days). BAM produced from dichlobenil was either hydrolyzed to 2,6-DCBA or dechlorinated to OBAM, which was further hydrolyzed to ortho-chlorobenzoic acid. BAM was rapidly mineralized in previously exposed soils only. All potential metabolites and the finding that BAM was a dead-end metabolite of dichlobenil in soils not previously exposed to dichlobenil needs to be included in risk assessments of the use of dichlobenil. 相似文献