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321.
Psychological and physiological stress responses of 36 male and 29 female assembly workers were examined during and after work at a car engine factory. Two different ways of organizing assembly work were compared, (1) a more traditional assembly line with fixed work stations organized as a chain and involving short repetitive work cycles and, (2) a new and more flexible work organization with small autonomous groups having greater opportunities to influence the pace and content of their work. Each worker was examined during and after a normal day at work on 2 consecutive days and, in order to obtain endocrine baseline data, during a corresponding work‐free period at home. As expected, both female and male workers in the flexible organization reported significantly more variation, independence and abilities to learn new skills at work. Workers in both forms of work organization showed a significant increase in urinary epinephrine and norepinephrine during work compared to the work‐free day at home. Males had significantly higher epinephrine and systolic blood pressure levels than females. Successive self‐reports of tiredness increased significantly more at the assembly line compared to the flexible work organization. In keeping with this, systolic blood pressure, heart rate and epinephrine increased significantly during the work shift at the assembly line but not during work in the flexible organization. Catecholamine levels revealed that the subjects were able to unwind more rapidly after work in the flexible organization. This pattern was particularly pronounced for the female workers. In summary, the various stress indicators support the notion that the flexible work organization induces less stress than the assembly line and that the female workers were able to benefit most from this new form of work organization. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
322.
323.
Darren P. Croft Jens Krause Safi K. Darden Indar W. Ramnarine Jolyon J. Faria Richard James 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2009,63(10):1495-1503
The social fine structure of a population plays a central role in ecological and evolutionary processes. Whilst many studies
have investigated how morphological traits such as size affect social structure of populations, comparatively little is known
about the influence of behaviours such as boldness and shyness. Using information on social interactions in a wild population
of Trinidadian guppies (Poecilia reticulata), we construct a social network. For each individual in the network, we quantify its behavioural phenotype using two measures
of boldness, predator inspection tendency, a repeatable and reliably measured behaviour well studied in the context of co-operation,
and shoaling tendency. We observe striking heterogeneity in contact patterns, with strong ties being positively assorted and
weak ties negatively assorted by our measured behavioural traits. Moreover, shy fish had more network connections than bold
fish and these were on average stronger. In other words, social fine structure is strongly influenced by behavioural trait.
We assert that such structure will have implications for the outcome of selection on behavioural traits and we speculate that
the observed positive assortment may act as an amplifier of selection contributing to the maintenance of co-operation during
predator inspection. 相似文献
324.
The confusion effect describes the observed decrease in the likelihood that a predator will successfully catch any prey when
attacking larger groups of moving prey. We introduce readers to the work of cognitive psychologists interested in human visual
attention who have been studying their own version of the confusion effect for many years, developing methods and concepts
that may be of fundamental utility to behavioral ecologists. In psychology, ‘basic features’ are characteristics unique to
a target object in the visual field that no distracter objects share. Images containing targets with basic features are often
less likely to induce the confusion effect in human subjects. Target objects with conjunctions of features, on the other hand,
have no individual characteristics unique from distracters, but unique characteristics in combination. Such targets more often induce the confusion effect in humans. We propose the ‘basic feature’ (vs. conjunctions of features)
as a new organizing concept for studies on the occurrence of the confusion effect in nature, potentially allowing predictions
about which types of prey groups are likely to induce the confusion effect in predators. 相似文献
325.
326.
Jesper H. Andersen Henrik Fossing Jens W. Hansen Ole H. Manscher Ciarán Murray Ditte L. J. Petersen 《Ambio》2014,43(7):906-913
Nutrient enrichment of coastal marine waters caused by losses of nitrate (NO3−) from agriculture is an increasing global problem. In the European Union, the Nitrates Directive (ND) of 1991 was meant to be a cornerstone in reducing eutrophication effects in coastal waters downstream from intensively farmed catchments. Although reductions in losses of nitrate have been attained, very few Member States have yet been able to reduce eutrophication effects caused by inputs of NO3− from agriculture. We report trends in concentrations of NO3− and chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) in Danish coastal and open marine waters during the period from 1996 to 2011 together with an assessment of eutrophication status based on multiple indicators (e.g. nutrient concentrations, Chl-a, submerged aquatic vegetation and benthic macroinvertebrates). Despite decreasing concentrations of both NO3−and Chl-a, Danish coastal waters are not yet to be classified as ‘unaffected by eutrophication’. In order to improve future pan-European evaluations of the effectiveness of the ND, we argue for the added value of including indicators and assessment principles from other European Directives, i.e. the Water Framework Directive and the Marine Strategy Framework Directive.
Electronic supplementary material
The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s13280-014-0514-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. 相似文献327.
Tarmo Soomere Kristofer Döös Andreas Lehmann H. E. Markus Meier Jens Murawski Kai Myrberg Emil Stanev 《Ambio》2014,43(1):94-104
The ever increasing impact of the marine industry and transport on vulnerable sea areas puts the marine environment under exceptional pressure and calls for inspired methods for mitigating the impact of the related risks. We describe a method for preventive reduction of remote environmental risks caused by the shipping and maritime industry that are transported by surface currents and wind impact to the coasts. This method is based on characterizing systematically the damaging potential of the offshore areas in terms of potential transport to vulnerable regions of an oil spill or other pollution that has occurred in a particular area. The resulting maps of probabilities of pollution to be transported to the nearshore and the time it takes for the pollution to reach the nearshore are used to design environmentally optimized fairways for the Gulf of Finland, Baltic Proper, and south-western Baltic Sea. 相似文献
328.
Environmental governance and management are facing a multiplicity of challenges related to spatial scales and multiple levels
of governance. Water management is a field particularly sensitive to issues of scale because the hydrological system with
its different scalar levels from small catchments to large river basins plays such a prominent role. It thus exemplifies fundamental
issues and dilemmas of scale in modern environmental management and governance. In this introductory article to an Environmental Management special feature on “Multilevel Water Governance: Coping with Problems of Scale,” we delineate our understanding of problems
of scale and the dimensions of scalar politics that are central to water resource management. We provide an overview of the
contributions to this special feature, concluding with a discussion of how scalar research can usefully challenge conventional
wisdom on water resource management. We hope that this discussion of water governance stimulates a broader debate and inquiry
relating to the scalar dimensions of environmental governance and management in general. 相似文献
329.
Toxicity, dioxin-like activities, and endocrine effects of DDT metabolites—DDA, DDMU, DDMS, and DDCN
Wetterauer B Ricking M Otte JC Hallare AV Rastall A Erdinger L Schwarzbauer J Braunbeck T Hollert H 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2012,19(2):403-415
Background, aim, and scope
2,2-bis(chlorophenyl)-1,1,1-trichloroethane (DDT) metabolites, other than those routinely measured [i.e., 2,2-bis(chlorophenyl)-1,1-dichloroethylene (DDE) and 2,2-bis(chlorophenyl)-1,1-dichloroethane (DDD)], have recently been detected in elevated concentrations not only in the surface water of Teltow Canal, Berlin, but also in sediment samples from Elbe tributaries (e.g., Mulde and Havel/Spree). This was paralleled by recent reports that multiple other metabolites could emerge from the degradation of parent DDT by naturally occurring organisms or by interaction with some heavy metals. Nevertheless, only very few data on the biological activities of these metabolites are available to date. The objective of this communication is to evaluate, for the first time, the cytotoxicity, dioxin-like activity, and estrogenicity of the least-studied DDT metabolites. 相似文献330.
Jens K. Nielsen Mads L. Hansen Niels Agerbirk Bent L. Petersen Barbara A. Halkier 《Chemoecology》2001,11(2):75-83
Summary. Insects feeding on Cruciferae recognize their host plants at least partially by means of specific responses to glucosinolates. However, the effects of variations in glucosinolate levels on the acceptability of plants for specialized insects are not well understood. A survey of the literature demonstrated positive, no, as well as negative correlations between plant acceptability and glucosinolate levels. The present study took advantage of the presence of transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana plants with increased glucosinolate levels. Transgenic A. thaliana contain the CYP79A1 gene from Sorghum bicolor. This gene encodes an enzyme which converts L-tyrosine into p-hydroxyphenylacetaldoxime in the biosynthesis of cyanogenic glycosides in S. bicolor. In transgenic A. thaliana plants, endogenous enzymes convert p-hydroxyphenylacetaldoxime into p-hydroxybenzylglucosinolate (sinalbin), which is not found naturally in this plant. The introduction of CYP79A1 resulted in a four-fold increase in total glucosinolate levels in transgenic A. thaliana plants. Although these changes in glucosinolate levels were rather dramatic, they did not have any effects on the acceptability of A. thaliana for the two flea beetle species, Phyllotreta nemorum and P. cruciferae. The flea beetles did not discriminate between transgenic and wildtype plants. Furthermore, they did not discriminate between leaf discs of wildtype plants where different concentrations of p-hydroxybenzylglucosinolate had been applied topically on the leaf surface. Feeding in P. nemorum was stimulated by extremely high levels of allylglucosinolate while this compound had no effect on P. cruciferae. It is concluded that the effect of glucosinolates on adapted insects depends on the chemical or physical environment in which the glucosinolates are found. 相似文献