基于物质流分析的可持续发展方法探讨——以珠江三角洲为例

文章以珠江三角洲为例,选取区域物质总需求、区域过程总排放、区域总排放等指标,对珠江三角洲社会经济系统的物质流进行核算,结果表明:(1)珠江三角洲区域物质总需求、区域总排放年均递减率在7%以上,资源使用密度、单位GDP物质排放年均分别减少10.3%、11.4%。说明珠江三角洲产业结构开始升级,环境朝着利好方向发展。(2)隐藏流在各类相关指标中占有比例较高,占区域总排放的比例年均高达98%。说明推行减量化生产,提高物质利用率,进一步推动循环经济发展已迫在眉睫。(3)物质排放强度地域差异明显,惠州、肇庆、中山、江门历年均低于珠江三角洲平均水平,深圳、东莞远高于平均水平;IPAT分析显示,A呈上升趋势,T值呈逐年下降的趋势。总体来看,珠江三角洲发展循环经济具有极大的潜力,也具有极强的现实意义。     

山西根瘤菌资源多样性与特异性研究

从山西不同生态条件下,采集豆科植物根瘤,经分离、纯化、回接原寄主,获得来自３１属７１种豆科植物寄主的纯根瘤菌株２１２株．对１５４株进行了ＢＴＢ反应和生长速度测定,在ＹＭＡ培养基上产酸快生型占９７．４％．选用了其中５０株,以快生型苜蓿根瘤菌（Ｒ．ｍｅｌｉｌｏｔｉ）和豌豆根瘤菌（Ｒ．ｌｅｇｕｍｉｎｏｓａｒｕｍ）各３株为ＣＫ,进行了其它生理生化鉴定．结果表明,５６株参试菌株均不产生３－酮基乳糖．山西分离的菌株能在蛋白胨肉汤上生长的１３株;能利用柠檬酸盐的７株;石蕊牛奶反应,产酸的１２株,其中酸凝的８株,产碱的３０株,其中胨化的１１株,石蕊还原的７株．唯一碳源和氮源利用比ＣＫ更广泛．对温度的适应范围宽．比ＣＫ有更强的耐盐、耐碱和对抗菌素的耐受能力     

环境中多环芳烃前处理和分析方法

多环芳烃(PAHa)是一类广泛存在于大气、水体、土壤、沉积物中的持久性有机污染物,对环境和生物体存在较大危害.介绍了国内外部分水体中PAHs的污染状况,对液态和固体PAHs的主要前处理方法和分析方法进行了比较和归纳,展望了环境样品中PAHs的前处理和分析方法的发展方向.     

Lead adsorption capacities of different components in natural surface coatings

Pb adsorption capacities of Fe oxide, Mn oxide and organic materials in natural surface coatings (biofilms and associated minerals) collected in three lakes, two ponds and a river in Jilin Province, China and Cayuga Lake in US were studied. A novel extraction technique was employed to remove one or more component(s) from the surface coatings. Pb adsorption to surface coatings before and after extraction was performed to determine the adsorptive properties of the extracted component(s). The statistical analysis of observed Pb adsorption was carried out using nonlinear least squares fitting (NLSF) to estimate the Pb adsorption capacity of each component of surface coatings. For each body of water, the estimated Pb adsorption capacity of Mn oxide( mol Pb/mol Mn) was significantly higher than that of Fe oxide( mol Pb/ mol Fe). The value of estimated adsorption capacities of organic materials with the unit mol Pb per kg COD was similar to or less than that of Fe oxides with the unit mol Pb per mol Fe. Comparison of components of surface coatings in different waters showed that the estimated Pb adsorption capacities of components in surface coatings developed in different natural waters were different,especially for Mn oxides.     

Biological removal of methanol from process condensate for the purpose of reclamation

The biological removal of methanol from condensate of ammonia manufacturing processes for the purpose of reclamation using contact type reactor was studied. Methanol of 60 mg/L was removed completely under an HRT of 1.12 h. Optimal inorganic nutrient dose was determined on evaluating methanol removal performance and dehydrogenase activities (DHA) under different nutrition doses. The optimal inorganic nutrient dose only gave an increase of conductivity of ca. 10μs/cm^2 in the effluent on treating synthetic condensate containing methanol of 30mg/L. The results demonstrated that biological removal of methanol was effective for the purpose of recovering the methanol-bearing condensate.     

Dissimilatory reduction of FeIII (EDTA) with microorganisms in the system of nitric oxide removal from the flue gas by metal chelate absorption

In the system of nitric oxide removal from the flue gas by metal chelate absorption, it is an obstacle that ferrous absorbents are easily oxidized by oxygen in the flue gas to ferric counterparts, which are not capable of binding NO. By adding iron metal or electrochemical method, Fe^Ⅲ (EDTA) can be reduced to Fe^Ⅱ(EDTA).However, there are various drawbacks associated with these techniques. The dissimilatory reduction of Fe^Ⅲ(EDTA) with microorganisms in the system of nitric oxide removal by metal chelate absorption was investigated. Ammonium salt instead of nitrate was used as the nitrogen source, as nitrates inhibited the reduction of Fe^Ⅲ due to the competition between the two electron acceptors. Supplemental glucose and lactate stimulated the formation of Fe^Ⅱ more than ethanol as the carbon sources. The microorganisms cultured at 50~C were not very sensitive to the other experimental temperature, the reduction percentage of Fe^Ⅲ varied little with the temperature range of 30-50℃.Concentrated Na2 CO3 solution was added to adjust the solution pH to an optimal pH range of 6-7. The overall results revealed that the dissimilatory ferric reducing microorganisms present in the mix-culture are probably neutrophilic, moderately thermophiUc Fe^Ⅲ reducers.     

基于我国物种毒性数据的多溴联苯醚预测无效应浓度分析

采用多溴联苯醚(PBDEs)对我国广泛分布生物物种的生态毒性数据,根据欧盟现有化学物质风险评价技术指导文件,对不同环境介质中PBDEs预测无效应浓度(PNEC)进行了推导。结果表明:我国淡水环境PBDEs(四溴、五溴、八溴)的PNEC水分别为50μg·L~(-1)、0.53μg·L~(-1)、0.017μg·L~(-1)。沉积物环境PBDEs(四溴、五溴、八溴和十溴)的PNEC沉积物分别为823.35 mg·kg~(-1)wt、1.55 mg·kg~(-1)dw、12.72 mg·kg~(-1)dw、38.41 mg·kg~(-1)dw。土壤环境PBDEs(四溴、五溴、八溴和十溴)的PNEC土壤分别为668.3mg·kg~(-1)wt、0.38 mg·kg~(-1)dw、147 mg·kg~(-1)dw、98 mg·kg~(-1)dw。次生毒性PBDEs(五溴、八溴和十溴)的PNEC经口分别为0.3~0.7 mg·kg~(-1)、0.56 mg·kg~(-1)、2 500 mg·kg~(-1)。该数值期为我国PBDEs的环境风险评价提供科学基础。     

中国省域可持续发展压力的量化与评价

本文将可持续发展研究纳入到“社会-经济-自然”复合系统中，提出复合生态系统压力论，并进行了我国可持续发展压力的分省实证量化。文章基于有效劳动力负担系数和发展水平指数、基于人均耕地和资源利用效率分别进行相关聚类，归纳出中国分省发展压力最大而资源支持能力最薄弱的省份位于中西部落后地区，揭示了现状下，我国贫穷落后和生态环境恶化具有空间相关性。     

药型罩参数对聚能射流水下运动的影响

目的 研究药型罩结构参数对所形成的聚能射流在水中运动的影响,改进水中聚能射流的运动特性。方法 采用多物质单元ALE法就锥形罩射流对水介质的侵彻进行数值模拟,分析锥形装药结构中药型罩锥角和厚度对所形成的聚能射流侵彻水时运动参数的影响。结果 锥形罩锥角大小及药型罩厚度对聚能射流在水中的形状、射流速度、加速度等有着明显的影响。侵彻体进入水中10 cm后,药型罩的锥角从30°增加到150°的过程中,剩余速度先增大、后减小,在90°时达到最高。药型罩厚度为1.5～4mm时,剩余速度变化起伏小;厚度为4～6 mm时,剩余速度开始大幅下降。结论 当锥角为90°时,罩厚为4 mm的药型罩所形成的射流在水中表现最好,形成的射流侵彻深度最长,侵彻水介质10 cm后的剩余速度最大,存速能力最强。     

瞬时功密度在化学品热危险性分析中的应用

采用C80量热仪测定几种化学品的放热反应特性,根据试验数据得到相应的动力学和热力学参数,进一步求得瞬时功密度(ρIPD).依据化学品热不稳定性分级标准对所测定化学品的热危险性进行分级.结果表明,以瞬时功密度为依据得出的化学品热危险程度与化学品的实际危险情况接近,真实、全面地反映了化学品反应过程能量释放的危险程度,可为化学品危险性评价与事故预防提供可靠的技术支持.