苯并(a)芘神经毒性研究进展

苯并(a)芘(BaP)是一种广泛存在于环境中的多环芳烃,具有致癌、致畸、致突变性。目前BaP的神经毒性研究零散而不深入,本文主要总结分析了BaP的神经毒性表现,简要介绍了BaP诱发神经毒性呈现的剂量-效应关系,进一步系统阐述了目前研究中发现的可能分子机制,包括BaP诱导神经递质及其代谢物含量的改变,相关DNA及蛋白质的损伤,抗氧化系统及线粒体的改变等,以期为进一步研究提供参考。     

Removal of elemental mercury by KI-impregnated clay

This study described the use of clay impregnated by KI in gas phase elemental mercury (Hg^o) removal in flue gas. The effects of KI loading, temperature, O₂, SO₂ and H₂O on Hg^o removal were investigated using a fixed bed reactor. The Hg^o removal efficiency of KI-clay with 3% KI loading could maintain at a high level (approximately 80 %) after 3 h. The KI-clay demonstrated to be a potential adsorbent for Hg^o removal when compared with activated carbon based adsorbent. O₂ was found to be an important factor in improving the Hg^o removal. O₂ was demonstrated to assist the transfer of KI to I₂ on the surface of KI-clay, which could react with Hg^o directly. NO and SO₂ could slightly improve Hg^o removal, while H₂O inhibited it greatly. The results indicated that after adsorption, most of the mercury escaped from the surface again. Some of the mercury may have been oxidized as it left the surface. The results demonstrated that the chemical reaction primarily occurred between KI and mercury on the surface of the KI-clay.     

Improving simulations of sulfate aerosols during winter haze over Northern China: the impacts of heterogeneous oxidation by NO<Subscript>2</Subscript>

We implemented the online coupled WRF-Chem model to reproduce the 2013 January haze event in North China, and evaluated simulated meteorological and chemical fields using multiple observations. The comparisons suggest that temperature and relative humidity (RH) were simulated well (mean biases are–0.2K and 2.7%, respectively), but wind speeds were overestimated (mean bias is 0.5 m?s^–1). At the Beijing station, sulfur dioxide (SO₂) concentrations were overpredicted and sulfate concentrations were largely underpredicted, which may result from uncertainties in SO₂ emissions and missing heterogeneous oxidation in current model. We conducted three parallel experiments to examine the impacts of doubling SO₂ emissions and incorporating heterogeneous oxidation of dissolved SO₂ by nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) on sulfate formation during winter haze. The results suggest that doubling SO₂ emissions do not significantly affect sulfate concentrations, but adding heterogeneous oxidation of dissolved SO₂ by NO₂ substantially improve simulations of sulfate and other inorganic aerosols. Although the enhanced SO₂ to sulfate conversion in the HetS (heterogeneous oxidation by NO₂) case reduces SO₂ concentrations, it is still largely overestimated by the model, indicating the overestimations of SO₂ concentrations in the North China Plain (NCP) are mostly due to errors in SO₂ emission inventory.

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Improving simulations of sulfate aerosols during winter haze over Northern China: the impacts of heterogeneous oxidation by NO2

Incorporating the missing heterogeneous oxidation of S(IV) by NO₂ into the WRF-Chem model. Sulfate production is not sensitive to increase in SO₂ emission. The newly added reaction reproduces sulfate concentrations well during winter haze. We implemented the online coupled WRF-Chem model to reproduce the 2013 January haze event in North China, and evaluated simulated meteorological and chemical fields using multiple observations. The comparisons suggest that temperature and relative humidity (RH) were simulated well (mean biases are -0.2K and 2.7%, respectively), but wind speeds were overestimated (mean bias is 0.5 m?s⁻¹). At the Beijing station, sulfur dioxide (SO₂) concentrations were overpredicted and sulfate concentrations were largely underpredicted, which may result from uncertainties in SO₂ emissions and missing heterogeneous oxidation in current model. We conducted three parallel experiments to examine the impacts of doubling SO₂ emissions and incorporating heterogeneous oxidation of dissolved SO₂ by nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) on sulfate formation during winter haze. The results suggest that doubling SO₂ emissions do not significantly affect sulfate concentrations, but adding heterogeneous oxidation of dissolved SO₂ by NO₂ substantially improve simulations of sulfate and other inorganic aerosols. Although the enhanced SO₂ to sulfate conversion in the HetS (heterogeneous oxidation by NO₂) case reduces SO₂ concentrations, it is still largely overestimated by the model, indicating the overestimations of SO₂ concentrations in the North China Plain (NCP) are mostly due to errors in SO₂ emission inventory.     

基于GAHP-BOCR解决瓦斯隧道安全施工决策问题

施工单位依据实践经验提出了不同于《铁路瓦斯隧道技术规范》的施工措施,为了评价不同施工措施的优劣性,选用灰色层次分析法和利益-机会-代价-风险模型。首先建立瓦斯隧道安全施工评价准则体系,运用灰色理论处理数据,得到准则和子准则对于瓦斯隧道安全施工的权重影响值;其次评价每个子准则对于BOCR属性值,得到BOCR对于总目标的影响程度,并对每个施工措施的B、O、C、R进行评价得出综合计算结果;最后对不同施工措施提出相应的意见。     

油田生产设施环境安全距离理论与估算方法初探

石油生产会带来各种不利的环境影响,甚至造成许多重大安全隐患,并由此对区域生态环境构成严重威胁.对此笔者提出环境安全距离概念及其理论模型,并结合油田主要生产设施的环境影响分析,给出了油田生产过程中气体污染物排放、噪声污染、井喷、管线泄漏和火灾爆炸的环境安全距离估算方法,从而为减轻油田生产的潜在环境影响和损害,解决城市规划建设与油田已建设施之间的矛盾和确保油田生产的环境安全提供科学依据和管理对策.     

PET from Used Beverage Bottles: A Material for Preparation of Biologically Degradable Copolyesters

Poly(ethylene terephthalate) from used colorless beverage bottles was solvolyzed by ethane-1,2-diol. Hydroxyl end-groups present in the mixture of polyols formed were used to initiate the polymerization of ??-caprolactone (CLO) at 190?°C. Polycondensation (190?°C) of the reaction mixture containing an equilibrium amount of lactone corresponding to the reaction temperature yield an aliphatic?Caromatic copolyester. A variety of copolyesters containing 20?C60?mol. % CLO structural units was prepared. The microstructure of their macromolecules was analyzed using ¹H?NMR spectroscopy. Copolyesters were characterized by thermal analysis and tensile tests and their biodegradation potential was checked by the composting test.     

东北强降水时空变化的特征和原因分析

利用东北地区近45 a(1961-2005年)4-9月逐日降水量资料计算了强降水集中度和集中期,分析了强降水集中度和集中期时空变化特征,讨论了影响强降水集中度和集中期的环流特征变化。结果发现,东北强降水集中度与强降水有很好的相关性,对于强降水有着很好的指示作用。从空间分布上看东北雨季强降水集中度由东向西趋于集中。从时间变化方面来看,1960年代中期到1980年代初,强降水集中度处于低值区,而在1991年之后东北地区强降水集中度大多处于高值区。强降水集中期仅在1970年代处于低值偏多的时期。对于东北不同区域大部分地区(除东北西北部外)在1990年代之后集中度都有所增加,集中度大值年出现的频率增加,而东北西北部的变化正好相反。东北地区强降水集中度偏高时,东北地区整层处于低压中心,在东北东部海面上有高压存在。东北地区存在着偏西气流和东南暖湿气流的交汇,在40～50°N纬度范围内高度场呈"+－+"波动。集中度偏高时东北东部地区有上升的垂直速度中心,并且上升速度随高度升高(300 hPa以下)而增强。东北地区水汽主要来源于鄂霍次克海冷湿空气。在东北地区存在着水汽通量散度的负距平中心,形成水汽异常辐合区,有利于强降水的出现。     

Selective recovery of Cu, Zn, and Ni from acid mine drainage

In Korea, the heavy metal pollution from about 1,000 abandoned mines has been a serious environmental issue. Especially, the surface waters, groundwaters, and soils around mines have been contaminated by heavy metals originating from acid mine drainage (AMD) and mine tailings. So far, AMD was considered as a waste stream to be treated to prevent environmental pollutions; however, the stream contains mainly Fe and Al and valuable metals such as Ni, Zn, and Cu. In this study, Visual MINTEQ simulation was carried out to investigate the speciation of heavy metals as functions of pH and neutralizing agents. Based on the simulation, selective pH values were determined to form hydroxide or carbonate precipitates of Cu, Zn, and Ni. Experiments based on the simulation results show that the recovery yield of Zn and Cu were 91 and 94 %, respectively, in a binary mixture of Cu and Zn, while 95 % of Cu and 94 % of Ni were recovered in a binary mixture of Cu and Ni. However, the recovery yield and purity of Zn and Ni were very low because of similar characteristics of Zn and Ni. Therefore, the mixture of Cu and Zn or Cu and Ni could be recovered by selective precipitation via pH adjustment; however, it is impossible to recover selectively Zn and Ni in the mixture of them.     

The effect of macrophytes on retention times in a constructed wetland for wastewater treatment

Retention times of treated water in a constructed wetland (CW) with horizontal subsurface flow were determined both in the vegetative and non-vegetative periods of 2005. Tracer experiments were performed using fluorescein, an organic compound detectable at extremely low concentrations. Nominal and tracer retention times were determined and compared. Winter tracer retention time (TRT 194 h) and nominal retention time (nHRT 190 h) were nearly exactly equal, while summer TRT (335 h) was approximately twofold higher than nHRT (158 h). Residence time distribution function (RTD) was used to compare retention times obtained for the vegetative and non-vegetative periods. The obtained results document a significant influence of dense common reed vegetation on retention characteristics of the studied system. Common reed can convert a significant volume of water from liquid to gas via evapotranspiration (ET) and thus prolong water retention times in the system. This is very important both technically and ecologically. Longer retention times mean a longer time for microbiological decay of wastewater. Water converted from liquid to gas causes cooling of the microclimate, which is very important, especially in intensively cultivated areas with a lack of water.