西南地区水库生态环境特征与研究展望

西南是我国水资源富集区,随着清洁能源"西电东送"、城镇化建设和水利水电发展战略的持续实施,西南地区水库的数量将不断被刷新,水库数量快速增长与日益凸显的生态环境问题存在突出矛盾。西南地区水库具有独特的地质地理背景和生态环境特征,主要表现在:1)具人工建造属性,水环境与生态系统演化起点不同于天然湖泊;2)水位逆周期人为调控,消落带生态功能退化;3)亚深水型,水体季节性分层控制了湖泊的关键物理、化学和生物过程;4)沉积物有机质和营养盐蓄积量大,潜在二次污染风险大;5)物质循环的累积效应对水库及下游水环境与水生态安全具重要影响;6)水体富营养化与重金属污染叠加、复合;7)物质循环和生物过程受多界面作用控制。当前对西南地区亚深水型水库生态环境的研究远落后于东部浅水湖泊,亟待对其生态环境演变过程与规律开展深入研究,研究建立与之适宜的水环境演变理论和治理技术体系,为该类型水库生态环境保护与治理提供有效科技支撑。     

RAMS contribution to efficient waste minimisation and management

The significance of waste management systems in recent years increased due to the growing problems of waste management chains affecting the daily lives of millions of people and the impact on the environment. Several promising approaches have been developed in the past few years. One of them is the waste management system modelling using reliability, availability, maintainability and safety software. This paper analyses and evaluates this approach. The main goal is to provide quantitative forecasts for various performance measures of waste management systems. They include availability, downtimes, number of failures, and cost. Evaluation of these measures is important for optimal decision making. The system design should both maximise the system performance leading to cleaner processing and minimise the overall cost within the allowable constraints. The effectiveness of this methodology is demonstrated through a case study.     

The Environmental Performance Strategy Map: an integrated LCA approach to support the strategic decision-making process

Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is a well-known tool for analyzing environmental impacts on a wide perspective with reference to a product system and the related environmental and economic impacts. The need for a novel approach that complements environmental and financial considerations is addressed in this study with the introduction of a new graphical representation: the Environmental Performance Strategy Map. This graphical map allows one to combine the main environmental indicators (footprints) with the additional dimension of cost. The paper defines the Sustainable Environmental Performance Indicator as a single measure for sustainability of a given option. Comparison of different options for strategic decision-making purposes can be enhanced and facilitated by the use of this indicator.     

Bioconcentration potential and contamination with mercury of pantropical mushroom Macrocybe gigantea

The mushroom Macrocybe gigantea collected from the native stands in the Yunnan Province of China can be considered a species that efficiently bioconcentrates mercury (Hg) because the values of the bioconcentration factor (BCF) calculated for this element were well above unity, i.e., for caps, the BCF ranged from 4.8 to 24 and, for stipes, from 3.6 to 18. The Hg content of the composite samples of caps of the fruit bodies collected in the wild ranged from 0.48 to 1.78 mg kg^?1 dry matter and of stipes from 0.36 to 1.70 mg kg^?1 dry matter, whereas 0.37 and 0.25 mg kg^?1 dry matter were observed for farmed specimens. M. gigantea, because of a large biomass of the fruit bodies that emerge in a cluster, is an important food item in Yunnan, but knowledge on mineral composition and content of this species is largely absent. This study estimated the lifetime average daily dose intake of Hg through mushroom as well as the incremental lifetime cancer risk and non-cancer health hazard to consumers of this mushroom.     

便携式ＧＣ-ＭＳ测定空气中有毒物质的应用

文章介绍了便携式气相色谱-质谱联用仪(Gas Chromatograph-Mass Spectrometer,GC-MS)的结构原理,结合应急监测的需要,说明了仪器性能参数与分析操作模式,探讨了标准曲线的建立与验证。通过仪器的实际应用,指出该仪器能够解决应急监测中目前存在的对有机污染物难以快速定性、定量的问题。利用捕集浓缩器富集待测定空气中挥发性有机化合物(VOCs),可迅速判断出气体样品中的挥发性有机化合物组分,给出定量测定结果。并根据日常使用情况,总结了便携式GC-MS性能特点。     

大连市南部地区冬季气态总汞浓度特征研究

利用RA-915AM汞监测仪对大连市南部地区冬季环境空气中的气态总汞进行连续监测,研究了该地区气态总汞的污染现状、日变化特征以及与空气质量指数(AQI)和气象参数的关系。结果显示,采样期间气态总汞浓度日均值变化范围为2.1~7.1 ng/m3。气态总汞浓度与AQI具有几乎一致的变化趋势。气态总汞浓度从早晨7:00左右开始逐渐减小,中午时达到最小值,之后又逐渐增大。夜间浓度高于昼间,属于夜间控制型。气态总汞与风速呈显著负相关性,与相对湿度呈显著正相关性,与温度无相关性。     

富营养化饮用水源地山仔水库限制性营养元素研究

世界范围内关于水体富营养化的研究表明,流域尺度上营养盐的控制和削减是修复富营养化水体的关键措施,甄别水体限制性营养元素进而采取相应的控制措施是修复富营养化水体的有效途径.本文在时空格局上分析了富营养化饮用水源地山仔水库的限制性营养元素.结果表明,2003—2012年,山仔水库初级生产力的关键限制性营养元素为磷.秋、冬、春季,水体总磷浓度在0.02~0.09 mg·L-1左右,TN/TP原子比值在35~72之间,表明TP浓度相对低,磷为限制性营养元素;夏季表层水TP浓度在0.06~0.13 mg·L-1左右,TN/TP原子比值在11~13之间,表层水溶解性磷的浓度较低,磷主要蓄积在藻细胞内,由于温跃层的存在,底层释放的磷无法向表层水补给,故溶解态磷相对缺乏.总之季节变化对磷的限制性作用有显著影响.通过对山仔水库2003—2012年水体TP浓度和叶绿素a浓度相关性分析得出,修复水体需要控制的TP浓度阈值为0.028 mg·L-1.根据上述结果综合分析了已采取修复措施的效果,从而进一步提出了山仔水库富营养化的修复策略.     

添加协效剂的灵石煤自燃阻化剂的研究

为了防止煤的自燃,采用双氧水氧化升温实验,对灵石肥煤在不同阻化剂下的阻化效果进行了研究。利用阻化时间变化率判定阻化效果。结果表明,添加氧化铝厂赤泥作为协效物质的协效阻化剂有效抑制了煤样的氧化升温,提高了阻化效果,阻化时间变化率达50.78%,为灵石肥煤最佳新型协效阻化剂。新型阻化剂原料廉价易得、反应条件温和、制备过程简单、环境友好,且实现了尾矿废渣的综合利用。     

不同粒径矿化垃圾对大麦生长发育和斑马鱼胚胎毒性效应研究

将太原东山新沟垃圾填埋场矿化垃圾筛分为900~300μm、300~150μm、150~105μm、105~90μm和90~0μm共5个不同粒径范围,制备浸出液。在分析不同粒径矿化垃圾浸出液的理化指标基础上,研究了矿化垃圾浸出液对大麦和斑马鱼胚胎生长发育的影响。结果显示,矿化垃圾浸出液p H值随粒径的减小而减小,电导率、CODCr、全盐量和总氮则随粒径的减小而增大。矿化垃圾浸出液对大麦的萌发、根长和芽长均表现出抑制作用,且抑制作用随粒径的减小而显著增加,90~0μm抑制作用最强,具体表现为染毒1 d、2 d和3 d后,大麦种子处理组萌发率为对照组的39.74%、56.38%和59.81%;染毒3 d、5 d和7 d后,根长分别为对照组的57.08%、48.33%和41.66%;芽长分别为对照组的66.60%、64.79%和61.65%。斑马鱼胚胎暴露于不同粒径的矿化垃圾浸出液中,胚胎生长发育的毒害作用与粒径大小呈现明显负相关关系,即在最小粒径90~0μm处理后,卵凝结、血循环异常、孵化率、心包水肿及脊柱畸形影响作用达到最大,这5个指标值分别为40.28%、50.00%、51.39%、31.94%和29.17%。以上研究表明,矿化垃圾浸出液对大麦和斑马鱼胚胎生长发育的毒性效应与矿化垃圾粒径分布显著相关,小粒径矿化垃圾(90~0μm)的生态毒性效应最大。