长江中游典型湖泊沉积物重金属分布特征、生态风险评估及溯源

集中采集洞庭湖、洪湖和赤湖表层沉积物样品并检测其中10种重金属含量,使用地理信息系统表征空间分布,利用地累积污染指数法（I_geo）、富集因子法（EF）和潜在生态风险指数法（RI）协同评估重金属积累的潜在风险,并利用相关性分析（Pearson）和主成分分析（PCA）溯源.结果表明,Cd元素的污染状况和潜在生态风险最为严重,东洞庭湖、洪湖和赤湖中ω（Cd）的平均值分别为2.85、1.59和3.57 mg·kg^-1,分别是对应省份土壤背景值的25.87、11.36和37.58倍,均超出风险筛选值（0.6 mg·kg^-1）,其中赤湖超出风险管制值（3.0 mg·kg^-1）.除Cd外,洪湖中的As值得关注,赤湖中的Cu、As、Zn和Pb都不容忽视.三湖的潜在生态风险排序为：赤湖（RI=1 127）>东洞庭湖（RI=831）>洪湖（RI=421）.重金属来源主要是工矿业冶采、农业生产和水产养殖等,部分重金属（Mn和Cu）为自然源.研究对长江中游典型湖泊沉积物重金属防控具有重要意义.     

高岭土负载纳米Fe/Ni同时去除水中Cu2+和NO3-

工业废水常含有不同污染物如重金属离子和无机阴离子,而如何有效去除复合污染物就成为环境科学前沿研究的挑战性课题.这些污染物因化学性质不同而导致去除机理和途径也不同.本文采用合成高岭土负载纳米双金属Fe/Ni(K-Fe/Ni)同步去除水中Cu2+和NO3-.结果表明K-Fe/Ni能有效去除水中Cu2+和NO3-,但它们的去除效果却会相互受到影响.在Cu2+浓度为200 mg·L-1时,NO3-的去除率达到42.5%;而未加入Cu2+时,NO3-的去除率仅有26.9%,说明Cu2+的存在提高了NO3-降解效率.同样,水中NO3-的存在也影响Cu2+的去除(Cu2+去除率从99.7%降到96.5%).但NO3-浓度对去除Cu2+的影响小于Cu2+浓度对NO3-的影响.通过BET比表面积、X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM)、X射线能量散射(EDS)和X射线光电分析(XPS)对K-Fe/Ni表征的结果显示,反应后K-Fe/Ni的表面存在铁的氧化物、Ni0和被还原的Cu0.基于以上结果,我们发现K-Fe/Ni同步去除水中Cu2+和NO3-的机理是:高岭土负载下的纳米Fe0作为还原剂,在Ni0的催化产氢作用下将Cu2+还原成Cu0并沉积在K-Fe/Ni上而形成纳米Fe/Ni/Cu三金属催化剂,从而加速催化水中NO3-降解.     

Rapid detection of numerical aberrations of chromosomes 13, 18 and 21 in chorionic mesenchymal cells

We have devised and evaluated a rapid screening method for the detection of numerical aberrations of chromosomes13, 18 and 21 in chorionic villus cells. We used non-radioactive in situ hybridization (ISH) with three chromosome-specific probes on overnight-attached mesenchymal cells from chorionic villi. A blind study was performed of 47 karyotypically normal samples, one triploid sample, two samples trisomic for chromosome 21, and two samples from a fetus with putative mosaicism (46/47, +21). All samples were hybridized with the chromosome 18- and 21-specific probes. Thirty samples were additionally hybridized with the chromosome 13-specific probe. The test could be completed within 3-4 days of sampling. In samples disomic with respect to the probed chromosomes, an average of 2 per cent (range 0-9 per cent) had three hybridization signals. By contrast, in the samples trisomic for the probed chromosome(s), 57 per cent (chromosome 13), 51 per cent (chromosome 18), and an average of 74 per cent (55-86 per cent) (chromosome 21) of the nuclei exhibited three signals. In the putative mosaic samples, the number of nuclei with three chromosome 21-specific signals ranged from 41 to 69 per cent. We conclude that this technique rapidly and clearly distinguishes between normal and trisomic/triploid samples, and consequently may be of use in future prenatal diagnosis.     

芜湖市生态占用测度方法的分析与应用

应用Wackemagel等提出的生态占用测度方法对芜湖市2004年的生态占用和生态容量进行了分析和计算。利用生态占用分析方法从宏观上度量了芜湖市社会经济发展的可持续性以及生态状况。结果表明，计算年的人均生态赤字为3．757429226hm^2．并提出了相应的对策和措施，为芜湖市建设“生态城市”提供量化依据。     

Road traffic injuries to foreigners in the People's Republic of China, 2000-2008

Introduction: China's rapid motorization has resulted in significant challenges in road safety. Method: Using official national statistics, this study examines road traffic injuries (RTIs) experienced by foreigners in China. The number of foreigners entering China has increased 2.4 times over the study period, from 10.16 million in 2000 to 24.33 million in 2008. Results: From 2000- 2008, the number of road traffic fatalities among foreigners similarly increased 2.5 fold, including 49 fatalities reported in 2008. Nonfatal RTIs during this same time frame increased by a magnitude of 1.8 (126 nonfatal injuries in 2000 to 223 in 2008). Conclusions: This study suggests that the total number of foreigners working or visiting China each year who suffer fatal and nonfatal road traffic injuries is relatively low. Impact on Industry: This study provided evidence suggesting that foreigners visiting or working in China face a relatively low risk of road traffic injuries.     

环境空气监测子站气象仪器性能状况比对研究

气象监测是环境空气质量监测的重要组成部分,在环境空气质量精细化管理中发挥着重要作用.气象部门通常采用集中送检或现场校准的方式对气象仪器性能状况进行检查,但环保部门对监测子站气象仪器的相关性能检查还处于空白状态.结合国家环境空气质量自动监测网管理现状,研究采用现场比对方式进行气象仪器性能评估.试验过程中,温度、气压比对数...     

Direct determination of dichlorvos in water by partial least square-discriminant analysis

This report describes a rapid, onsite method to analyze the dichlorvos pesticide in water. Dichlorvos is a broad-spectrum pesticide that has been used worldwide. As an organophosphorus pesticide, dichlorvos disrupts the nervous system by inhibiting the activity of acetyl cholinesterase. Traditional analysis of dichlorvos by chromatography is time-consuming and environmentally unfriendly. Therefore, rapid, on-site methods to analyze dichlorvos are needed. Here, we used for the first time Fourier transform near infrared spectroscopy combined with partial least square-discriminant analysis to determine the dichlorvos directly in water samples. Results were compared with traditional high-performance liquid chromatography data as reference. We found that over 9,000–8,333?cm^?1, the new method had a good performance with a classification accuracy of 100?% and a correlation coefficient of 0.92 between measured and reference data. The new method can also be used as a “concentration sieve” by setting up different levels of boundary, a parameter of partial least square-discriminant analysis, thus allowing rapid on-site screening.     

The effect of preparation conditions of Pt/Al2O3 on its catalytic performance for the H2-SCR in the presence of oxygen

Selective catalytic reduction of NO _x by H₂ in the presence of oxygen has been investigated over Pt/ Al₂O₃ catalysts pre-treated under different conditions. Catalyst preparation conditions exert significant influence on the catalytic performance, and the catalyst pre-treated by H₂ or H₂ then followed by O₂ is much more active than that pre-treated by air. The higher surface area and the presence of metallic Pt over Pt/Al₂O₃ pre-treated by H₂ or pretreated by H₂ then followed by O₂ can contribute to the formation of NO₂, which then promotes the reaction to proceed at low temperatures.     

Efficient adsorption of Mn(Ⅱ) by layered double hydroxides intercalated with diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid and the mechanistic study

In this study, greatly enhanced Mn(II) adsorption was achieved by as-synthesized diethylenetriaminepentaacetate acid intercalated Mg/Al layered double hydroxides(LDHsDTPA). The adsorption capacity of LDHs-DTPA was 83.5 mg/g, which is much higher than that of LDHs-EDTA(44.4 mg/g), LDHs-Oxalate(21.6 mg/g) and LDHs(28.8 mg/g). The adsorption data of aqueous Mn(II) using LDHs-DTPA could be well described by the pseudosecond order kinetics and Langmuir isotherm model. Thermodynamics study results also showed that the adsorption process of Mn(II) by LDHs-DTPA was exothermic as indicated by the negative ΔH value. Furthermore, based on the structural, morphological and thermostable features, as well as FT-IR and XPS characterizations of LDHs-DTPA and the pristine LDHs, the adsorption mechanism of Mn(II) was proposed. The carboxyl groups of DTPA were proposed to be the main binding sites for Mn(II), and the hydroxyl groups of LDHs also played a minor role in the adsorption process. Among the three common regeneration reagents, 0.1 mol/L Na_2CO_3 was the best for reusing LDHs-DTPA in Mn(II)adsorption. Besides, the Mn(II) adsorption performance could be hindered in the presence of typical inorganic ions, especially cations. Further specific modifications of LDHs-DTPA are suggested to get more selective adsorption of Mn(II) in practical applications.     

曝气生物滤池快速启动和活性保持性能研究

研究了两级曝气生物滤池处理生活污水时各级的快速启动和在低负荷下活性保持的能力,考察了出水中主要污染物和生物滤池内生物量随时间的变化情况。结果表明,碳氧化生物滤池从低负荷恢复时,所需要的时间与活性保持时的负荷大小有关,负荷越小,所需要的时间越长。在极端情况下,恢复时间接近一次完全启动的时间,因此碳氧化生物滤池的低负荷维持并没有太大的实际意义。而硝化生物滤池在低负荷下活性保持良好,重新启动仅需要完全启动1/10的时间,这就有可能以低成本实现硝化生物滤池的活性保持。