采油作业区节能减排探索与实践

H作业区经过对节能减排中问题的总结,实施了哈得四联合站放空气回收轻烃外输、哈得一联合站二段气回收、污水闭路循环回收利用、淡化水流程优化等节能减排工程,促进了节能减排,减少了碳排放,实现了清洁生产,取得了较好的经济效益和环境效益。     

膜法处理低温低浊水技术综述

低温低浊水的处理是给水处理的一个难点.分析了常规混凝方法难处理低温低浊水的原因,介绍和比较了膜处理低温低浊水的4种方法.研究结果表明,膜法出水水质好、稳定,采用低压膜直接过滤降低能耗,节省药剂投加费用;混凝-超滤工艺中加入粉末活性炭后可增加溶解性有机物的去除,膜生物反应器能有效去除氨氮.膜法处理低温低浊水对浊度和有机物的去除明显好于传统工艺,能提供水质良好的饮用水,是低温低浊水处理的发展方向.     

构建中国环境税法律体系之设想

目前中国并没有专门用于环境目的的税种,环境管理的经济手段主要依靠资源税、消费税等相关税种与排污收费制度,但其均存在征收范围过窄、环保意义不突出等问题。因而应从面临的现实环境问题出发,兼顾税收体系的总体平衡,在完善现有相关税种的基础上开征新的环境保护专项税,从而建立起以排污税、产品消费税、资源税为基本构成的融入型环境税收体系。     

Mineral compositions and sources of the riverbed sediment in the desert channel of Yellow River

The Yellow River flows through an extensive, aeolian desert area and extends from Xiaheyan, Ningxia Province, to Toudaoguai, Inner Mongolia Province, with a total length of 1,000 km. Due to the construction and operation of large reservoirs in the upstream of the Yellow River, most water and sediment from upstream were stored in these reservoirs, which leads to the declining flow in the desert channel that has no capability to scour large amount of input of desert sands from the desert regions. By analyzing and comparing the spatial distribution of weight percent of mineral compositions between sediment sources and riverbed sediment of the main tributaries and the desert channel of the Yellow River, we concluded that the coarse sediment deposited in the desert channel of the Yellow River were mostly controlled by the local sediment sources. The analyzed results of the Quartz-Feldspar-Mica (QFM) triangular diagram and the R-factor models of the coarse sediment in the Gansu reach and the desert channel of the Yellow River further confirm that the Ningxia Hedong desert and the Inner Mongolian Wulanbuhe and Kubuqi deserts are the main provenances of the coarse sediment in the desert channel of the Yellow River. Due to the higher fluidity of the fine sediment, they are mainly contributed by the local sediment sources and the tributaries that originated from the loess area of the upper reach of the Yellow River.     

钢制薄壁内压容器静强度的可靠性设计

应用随机-模糊概率模型,分析了钢制薄壁内压容器静强度在最苛刻压力试验条件下的可靠度.在压力试验和正常操作时,从控制钢制薄壁内压容器静强度可靠度范围的角度,对其与试验压力系数、超压限制系效及安全系效之间的关系进行定量研究,得到钢制薄壁内压容器的可靠性设计方法.     

基于信息熵的垫片密封模糊可靠度

在充分考虑垫片密封的随机性和模糊性的基础上,提出了垫片密封模糊可靠性的概念.基于信息熵理论,按模糊泄漏率导出垫片密封的模糊可靠度计算公式,并用算例说明了公式的应用.     

氮磷比对湖泊富营养化模型参数敏感性的影响

运用Morris方法研究了蓝藻暴发期不同氮磷比条件下,巢湖富营养化模型中蓝藻、溶解有机碳、营养物和溶解氧的参数敏感性.结果表明：蓝藻的敏感参数随氮磷比不同有显著差异;氮缺乏情况下,蓝藻对氮转化过程相关参数较敏感;磷缺乏情况下则反之.在任何氮磷比条件下,溶解有机碳、营养物和溶解氧等非生物变量都是对直接参与其自身转化过程的参数最为敏感,它们在不同氮磷比情况下的敏感参数差异较小.相比较蓝藻生长过程的参数,基础代谢过程的参数对所有变量的影响都更强.此外,各个参数的敏感性与它们的相互作用强度呈显著正相关,且这种相关性在极端氮或磷缺乏情况下尤为显著.本研究的结果有助于深入理解湖泊富营养化现象、改善富营养化模型模拟效果和精度.     

EGSB-CANON工艺启动及动力学特性

采用EGSB（Expanded Granular Sludge Bed）反应器,在启动全程自养脱氮（CANON）工艺中通过改变曝气方式以及优化曝气/非曝气逐步实现CANON工艺的稳定运行.通过研究不同曝气/非曝气条件下CANON工艺的脱氮性能的变化,探究系统内不同污泥粒径中功能菌的活性,揭示EGSB反应器不同的运行条件以及系统内不同粒径的微生物聚集体在CANON工艺启动过程中的影响机制与菌群结构特性.结果表明,当恒定曝气量为0.5L/min,曝气/非曝气为2：1（60min：30min）时,实现了AerAOB（Aerobic Ammonia-Oxidizing Bacteria）与AnAOB（Anaerobic Ammonium-Oxidation Bacteria）协同脱氮的目的,并成功将NOB（Nitrite-Oxidizing Bacteria）的活性由3.41mgN/（h·gVSS）抑制到0.75mgN/（h·gVSS）.在对AnAOB的双底物（NO₂^--N和NH₄⁺-N）抑制动力学结果进行Haldane拟合时,得到NH₄⁺-N和NO₂^--N的半饱和常数（k_s）、抑制动力学常数（k_h）分别为106.8,331.9mg/L,272.4,66.61mg/L,相关性系数（R²）分别为0.98133和0.99142.在CANON污泥颗粒化形成过程中,污泥粒径在0.154~0.335mm范围内主要以AerAOB为主,污泥粒径在1mm以上主要以AnAOB为主.不同粒径下微生物聚集体的协同作用以及稳定的群落结构实现了CANON工艺的稳定运行.     

An unusual high ozone event over the North and Northeast China during the record-breaking summer in 2018

Under the background of global warming, the summer temperature of the North and Northeast China (NNEC) has significantly increased since 2017, which was accompanied by the aggravated ozone (O₃) pollution. In 2018, the NNEC experienced a record-breaking summer of the past 40 years. Influenced by the abnormal high temperatures, a regional ozone event occurred on 2-3 August, over 63% of 79 selected cities in the NNEC were exposed to O₃ pollution, and the maximum value of MDA8 O₃ reached 268 μg/m³. Observations indicated that ozone concentrations agree well with the maximum temperature at 2 meters (MT2M) over NNEC with a correlation coefficient of 0.69. During the pollution episode, strong downdraft in the local high (35°N-42.5°N, 112.5°E-132.5°E; LH) over the NNEC created the favourable meteorological conditions for O₃ formation. By analyzing the horizontal wind and wave activity fluxes (WAFs) at 200 hPa, we found that the LH formation was resulted from the Rossby wave propagation from upstream along the mid-latitude Asian jet. The split polar vortex intrusion further strengthened the amplitude of the Rossby wave and reinforced the LH. Moreover, a secondary circulation between Typhoon Jongdari and the LH contributed to the enhanced LH with strong subsidence. On the other hand, the stratospheric intrusions under the deep subsidence also contributed to the enhanced surface O₃. In this study, the deep-seated meteorological dynamical mechanisms contributing to the abnormal high temperatures were investigated, which can lead to a better understanding of the regional O₃ pollution over NNEC under the global-warming background.     

基于PMF模型解析典型化工园区VOCs污染来源应用研究

选取某小型化工园区为研究对象,在不同日期进行样品采集并使用气相色谱-质谱联用仪(GC-MS)定性定量分析,评估该区域VOCs污染水平及特征,同时研究P MF模型解析小尺度区域VOCs污染来源的可行性.结果表明,该研究区域VOCs浓度明显高于城市环境空气及其他化工园区,存在较重污染;该区域VOCs的主要成分为丙烯、苯、甲苯、萘、间-乙基甲苯、丙酮、丙烷、1,2,4-三甲苯、异丁烷等物质,各排放源污染特征显著,差异性明显;使用PMF模型对观测期间VOCs源解析,共获得4个因子,各因子与该区域不同排放源工艺及污染特征能够高度对应,并依此计算了各点位VOCs污染来源,结果与污染物扩散规律相符,PMF模型应用于小尺度污染物溯源分析具有可行性,能够很好地解析VOCs污染来源.