Air pollutant concentrations near three Texas roadways,Part I: Ultrafine particles

Vehicular emitted air pollutant concentrations were studied near three types of roadways in Austin, Texas: (1) State Highway 71 (SH-71), a heavily traveled arterial highway dominated by passenger vehicles; (2) Interstate 35 (I-35), a limited access highway north of Austin in Georgetown; and (3) Farm to Market Road 973 (FM-973), a heavily traveled surface roadway dominated by truck traffic. Air pollutants examined include carbon monoxide (CO), oxides of nitrogen (NO_x), and carbonyl species in the gas-phase. In the particle phase, ultrafine particle (UFP) concentrations (diameter < 100 nm), fine particulate matter (PM_2.5, diameter < 2.5 μm) mass and carbon content and several particle-bound organics were examined. All roadways had an upwind stationary sampling location, one or two fixed downwind sample locations and a mobile monitoring platform that characterized pollutant concentrations fall-off with increased distance from the roadways. Data reported in this paper focus on UFP while other pollutants and near-roadway chemical processes are examined in a companion paper. Traffic volume, especially heavy-duty traffic, wind speed, and proximity to the road were found to be the most important factors determining UFP concentrations near the roadways. Since wind directions were not consistent during the sampling periods, distances along wind trajectories from the roadway to the sampling points were used to study the decay characteristics of UFPs. Under perpendicular wind conditions, for all studied roadway types, particle number concentrations increased dramatically moving from the upwind side to the downwind side. The elevated particle number concentrations decay exponentially with increasing distances from the roadway with sharp concentration gradients observed within 100–150 m, similar to previously reported studies. A single exponential decay curve was found to fit the data collected from all three roadways very well under perpendicular wind conditions. No consistent pattern was observed for UFPs under parallel wind conditions. However, regardless of wind conditions, particle concentrations returned to background levels within a few hundred meters of the roadway. Within measured UFP size ranges, smaller particles (6–25 nm) decayed faster than larger ones (100–300 nm). Similar decay rates were observed among UFP number, surface, and volume.     

活性污泥反应器流态研究中示踪剂的选择

针对活性污泥反应器中的流态研究需要,通过备选示踪剂氯化锂、亚甲蓝和氯化钠的污泥吸附试验以及曝气静沉试验,研究了活性污泥对这3种示踪剂的吸附作用,以及示踪剂浓度对污泥处理效果的影响情况。结果表明,亚甲蓝易被污泥吸附,对试验数据干扰较大,且吸附亚甲蓝后,水样中污泥对COD_Cr的处理效率下降幅度达50%以上;氯化锂和氯化钠是离子型示踪剂,本身不易被吸附,投加后的活性污泥对COD_Cr的处理效率基本不变,保持在70%以上。从示踪剂投加量以及出水水质控制方面考虑,确定氯化锂为3种示踪剂中的最佳示踪剂。     

活性赤泥颗粒吸附除磷的效能与机制研究

以赤泥为主要原料,进行活化处理后,以粉煤灰为激发剂,膨润土（皂土）为黏结剂,碳酸氢钠为发泡剂制成不同配比的9种活化赤泥颗粒。将9种新型的活化赤泥颗粒吸附材料通过L₉（3⁴）正交试验进行对比,比较其对水体中磷的去除效果。结果表明,以吸附8 h后磷的吸附量为评价标准,在磷初始浓度为6.0 mg/L,pH为8.0时,配方8的赤泥颗粒对磷的吸附量为1.0 mg/g,对磷的去除率约为83.7％;而配方3的赤泥颗粒对磷的吸附量仅为0.1 mg/g,对磷的去除率约为7.2％。通过红外光谱法和XRD（X-衍射）对2种焙烧赤泥颗粒吸附材料的理化特性进行了表征和比较,发现焙烧后赤泥颗粒表面产生带有-OH官能团,可与磷酸根在溶液中发生配体交换反应而实现吸附。赤泥比例是影响吸附效果的关键因素。     

微好氧预处理对市政污泥厌氧消化产甲烷的影响

针对目前市政污泥处理资源化与减量化效率低的问题,利用微好氧预处理技术进行预处理,提高其甲烷产量。利用有机物溶出效率、VSS减量、甲烷产量3项指标对预处理效果进行了评价;研究了不同参数条件下微好氧预处理对市政污泥厌氧消化产甲烷的影响;探讨了微好氧预处理对污泥胞外聚合物的影响。结果表明,微好氧预处理可以促进污泥溶解性有机物释放、提高VSS去除率;在最佳反应条件下(曝气强度0.30 m³·(min·m³)⁻¹、预处理时间12 h),相对于未经过预处理的工况,甲烷产量可提高26.77%;微好氧预处理对剩余污泥活性细胞的影响主要发生在胞外聚合物部分,同时也存在对活性微生物的破解作用。市政污泥经过微好氧预处理后,可有效提升后续中温厌氧消化或高温厌氧消化的甲烷产量。     

2013年北京市臭氧时空分布及预报

根据2013年1-12月北京市O3小时浓度监测数据,探讨了北京市O3的时空分布特征,并建立了O3回归统计模型。结果显示:2013年北京市O3 8 h全年平均为84.75 μg/m3,O3超标日主要集中在5-9月份;O3日变化呈现单峰型分布,一般在15:00、16:00左右达到峰值,且存在明显的周末效应,空间分布上,中心城区O3浓度相对较低,生态植被优良的北部、西部山区站点浓度较高;建立的O3回归统计模型对北京市2013年O3 8 h临近预报的级别准确率在75%以上,能较好地反映O3浓度变化趋势。     

Potential of fly ash for neutralisation of acid mine drainage

Lignite (PK), bituminous (FI) and biomass (SE) fly ashes (FAs) were mineralogically and geochemically characterised, and their element leachability was studied with batch leaching tests. The potential for acid neutralisation (ANP) was quantified by their buffering capacity, reflecting their potential for neutralisation of acid mine drainage. Quartz was the common mineral in FAs detected by XRD with iron oxide, anhydrite, and magnesioferrite in PK, mullite and lime in FI, and calcite and anorthite in SE. All the FAs had high contents of major elements such as Fe, Si, Al and Ca. The Ca content in SE was six and eight times higher compared to PK and FI, respectively. Sulphur content in PK and SE was one magnitude higher than FI. Iron concentrations were higher in PK. The trace element concentrations varied between the FAs. SE had the highest ANP (corresponding to 275 kg CaCO₃?tonne^?1) which was 15 and 10 times higher than PK and FI, respectively. The concentrations of Ca²⁺, SO₄ ^2?, Na⁺ and Cl^? in the leachates were much higher compared to other elements from all FA samples. Iron, Cu and Hg were not detected in any of the FA leachates because of their mild to strong alkaline nature with pH ranging from 9 to 13. Potassium leached in much higher quantity from SE than from the other ashes. Arsenic, Mn and Ni leached from PK only, while Co and Pb from SE only. The concentrations of Zn were higher in the leachates from SE. The FAs used in this study have strong potential for the neutralisation of AMD due to their alkaline nature. However, on the other hand, FAs must be further investigated, with scaled-up experiments before full-scale application, because they might leach pronounced concentrations of elements of concern with decreasing pH while neutralising AMD.     

同步进出水SBR设备最佳进水方式流态模拟

借助流体计算软件Fluent对某同步进出水SBR设备4种不同进水位置以及3种进水孔排布分别进行流态模拟,根据模拟结果得到最佳的进水方式;同时在该进水方式下对进水流量为0.5、0.7、1.0、1.3和1.5 m3/h时反应器内的流态分布情况进行了数值模拟,最后通过示踪剂实验与模拟结果对比验证。对于实验用SBR(长×宽×高为2 m×2 m×1.2 m),进水流量1.0 m3/h是最佳进水流量,此时反应器内流态稳定,进水区域主要分布于反应器中下部以及远离堰口的池壁附近,死水区面积较小,冲击负荷适中,进水对出水水质影响较小;当进水流量小于1.0 m3/h时,进水主要分布于反应器池底,对角线方向以及远离进水端池壁附近3个区域且彼此相对独立,池内死水区面积较大;当进水流量大于1.0 m3/h时,进水冲击负荷过大,迅速形成短流,影响出水水质。     

化学氧化技术在地下水修复中的应用

近年来,化学氧化技术在地下水修复中得到了很大的关注。本研究对比了Fenton试剂、过硫酸钠、高锰酸钾及次氯酸钠4种常见的氧化剂对农药厂地下水中污染物的去除效果、地下水的pH和氧化还原电位(ORP)的变化的影响。结果表明,Fenton试剂和活化的过硫酸钠对此农药厂地下水各种污染物的去除率最高,两者对其中污染物都能达到80%以上的去除率,但在一定程度上会使地下水的pH降低;高锰酸钾和次氯酸钠对污染物的去除率都能达60%以上。其中高锰酸钾对地下水的pH影响不大;次氯酸钠对氯甲苯没有去除效果,对溴苯的去除率也较低,而且会使地下水的碱性过强。在地下水样中加入4种氧化剂后,会使水样的ORP立即升高。     

氧化石墨烯-氧化锌净化铅离子废水

利用改性Hummers法制备氧化石墨,并成功地将氧化锌负载到氧化石墨上催化降解铅离子。利用SEM、XRD、FTIR等对氧化石墨烯-氧化锌的形貌进行表征,并用以净化铅离子废水。通过实验分析得知废水净化的原因有两方面:光催化效应和吸附理论,然后考察其影响净化过程的因素。结果表明,氧化石墨烯-氧化锌对溶液中铅离子在紫外光下有较强的吸附和催化降解能力,在t=4 h,pH=7条件下,其最大净化量可达到184 mg/g。     

人工湿地对水产养殖废水典型污染物的去除

考察了5种常见湿地植物黄菖蒲、芦苇、千屈菜、再力花和香蒲对水产养殖废水的净化能力以及生理生长指标,结果表明,黄菖蒲的氮磷吸收能力最强而芦苇较差。构建黄菖蒲、芦苇水平潜流人工湿地研究植物对水产养殖废水典型污染物的净化效果的影响,发现两者对COD、TP、TN和抗生素均有较好去除效果。其中,黄菖蒲湿地对TN的去除效果(HRT=4 d,去除率71%)显著优于芦苇湿地(HRT=4 d,去除率29%),分析其原因在于黄菖蒲湿地因其较强的吸收能力和反硝化作用使其对高NO3--N废水有较好的去除效果。研究中还发现,水力停留时间对TN、NO3--N、NH4+-N和NO2--N的去除效果有较大的影响。两种湿地对恩诺沙星的去除效果优于磺胺甲恶唑和氟甲砜霉素,不同人工湿地植物对3种抗生素的去除效果差异不大,水力停留时间对磺胺甲恶唑的去除有显著的影响。