Ground-level ozone in the Pearl River Delta and the roles of VOC and NO(x) in its production

In many regions of China, very rapid economic growth has been accompanied by air pollution caused by vehicle emissions. In one of these regions, the Pearl River Delta, the variations of ground-level ozone and its precursors were investigated. Overall, the ambient concentrations of NO(2) increased quickly between 1995 and 1996, but then slightly decreased due to stringent nitrogen oxide (NO(x)) emission controls. Nonetheless, ambient NO(2) levels in the Pearl River Delta remained high. The regional average concentrations of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were 290 ppbC in summer and 190 ppbC in autumn. Local emissions and long-distance transportation of pollutants play important roles in the regional distribution of VOCs. Ambient O(3) production is significant in urban areas and also downwind of cities. The relative incremental reactivities (RIRs), determined by an observation-based model, showed that ground-level ozone formation in the Guangzhou urban area is generally limited by the concentrations of VOCs, but there are also measurable impacts of NO(x).     

海带对镉的吸附动力学与热力学研究

采用批量平衡法研究了海带对镉的吸附的动力学与热力学,并采用Lagrange假一级动力学方程、假二级动力学方程、Langmuir等温线方程、Freundlich等温线方程以及Dubimim-Radushkevich等温线方程对实验数据进行了拟合.结果表明,在4种温度下海带对镉的吸附率均随吸附反应时间增加而增大,在60 min时达到最大,此后基本保持不变,随着温度由20℃升高至50℃,其最大吸附率呈下降趋势,由90.2%降至77.5%;海带对镉的吸附动力学符合Lagrange假二级动力学方程;海带对镉的吸附热力学符合Langmuir等温线方程和Dubimim-Radushkevich等温线方程,表明吸附主要发生在海带表面的活性区位,属于单分子层吸附,其吸附平均活化自由能E为11.4 kJ/mol,表明该吸附过程为化学吸附,在4种温度下吉布斯自由能变化量△AG°均为负值,吸附焓变△H°也为负值,表明海带对镉的吸附为放热反应,能自发进行.     

FDS+Evac软件在火灾逃生中的应用

对人员疏散模拟软件FDS+Evac在火灾逃生中的应用进行了探讨和分析.结合使用该软件的经验与体会,总结了FDS+Evac建模、记事本编程、计算结果分析的一些方法和调试技巧,展望了其在火灾和其他紧急疏散领域的应用.     

生物浸取电解锰渣中锰的研究

为了评价生物法浸取电解锰渣中锰的可行性,利用锰渣土壤中筛选出的2种锰抗性强的微生物Serratia sp.和Fusarium sp.浸取电解锰渣中的锰,并采用优化的BCR（European Community Bureau of Reference）连续萃取方案对浸取前后的金属锰进行形态分析,研究其浸出率和浸取前后锰的形态变化特征。同时考察了3种萃取剂EDTA、HNO₃和CaCl₂对锰的萃取效率及萃取后金属锰的形态变化。研究结果表明,Serratia sp.和Fusarium sp.对锰都表现出一定的浸取能力,Fusarium sp.的浸取能力尤为显著,3 d后锰浸出率达到56.5%,为锰污染的微生物治理和资源化利用提供科学依据。3种萃取剂对锰的浸取效果为EDTA>HNO₃>CaCl₂,平均萃取效率依次为50.0%、28.8%和21.2%。浸取前后,酸溶解态锰所占比例变化较显著,说明酸溶解态锰是比较容易浸取的形态。     

Ca2+在净水生物膜团聚体培养中的影响研究

通过在5组相同型号的SBBR反应器(A、B、C、D和E)内调节进水中的Ca2+含量,研究Ca2+在净水生物膜团聚体培养过程的作用影响.结果表明,进水Ca2+投加浓度为25 mg/L时驯化培养的生物膜团聚体具有较好的抗挤压能力,抗压强度达到了22 N/cm2,密度为1.059 g/cm3,活性微生物的百分含量达到了86.90%,远远高于一般污泥团聚体中的微生物含量.分析运行效果,反应器C和D的生物膜团聚体通过29 d的驯化培养就达到了一个比较好的净水效果,并能维持稳定状态,相比于一般生物膜反应器的驯化时间有所缩短.不同进水负荷条件下氮氮的去除率变化表明,反应器C和D针对不同进水负荷表现出来的适应效果明显优于其他反应器.     

Spatially differentiated and source-specific population exposure to ambient urban air pollution

Models assessing exposure to air pollution often focus on macro-scale estimates of exposure to all types of sources for a particular pollutant across an urban study area. While results based on these models may aid policy makers in identifying larger areas of elevated exposure risk, they often do not differentiate the proportion of population exposure attributable to different polluting sources (e.g. traffic or industrial). In this paper, we introduce a population exposure modeling system that integrates air dispersion modeling, Geographic Information Systems (GIS), and population exposure techniques to spatially characterize a source-specific exposure to ambient air pollution for an entire urban population at a fine geographical scale. By area, total population exposure in Dallas County in 2000 was more attributable to vehicle polluting sources than industrial polluting sources at all levels of exposure. Population exposure was moderately correlated with vehicle sources (r = 0.440, p < 0.001) and weakly with industrial sources (r = 0.069, p = 0.004). Population density was strongly correlated with total exposure (r = 0.896, p < 0.001) but was not significantly correlated with individual or combined sources. The results of this study indicate that air quality assessments must incorporate more than industrial or vehicle polluting sources-based population exposure values alone, but should consider multiple sources. The population exposure modeling system proposed in this study shows promise for use by municipal authorities, policy makers, and epidemiologists in evaluating and controlling the quality of the air in the process of urban planning and mitigation measures.     

生物制剂对MBR中无纺布膜组件过滤性能的影响

研究了生物制剂对浸渍式膜生物反应器(submerged membrane bioreactor,SMBR)中聚丙烯无纺布(non-wov-en fabric,NWF)膜组件过滤性能的影响。结果表明,能减少膜组件表面附着污泥胞外聚合物(extra-cellular polymeric sub-stances,EPS)的含量及污泥的沉积,减缓膜通量的衰减速率和膜污染,无纺布膜组件的过滤性能得到明显改善,表现出一定的耐污染性。生物制剂能改善污泥的沉降性能,有效防止污泥膨胀;对MBR的COD去除率基本没有影响,但略微增大了处理水的浊度。     

Fe(Ⅱ)EDTA/H2O2电催化降解甲基橙模拟废水的研究

在无隔膜电解槽中,采用SPR(Ru-Ir-Ti0₂)为阳极,石墨为阴极,考察了Fe(Ⅱ)EDTA/H₂O₂电催化降解甲基橙(methyl orange)模拟废水的影响,发现EDTA很大程度上促进了类电Fenton试剂对甲基橙模拟废水的降解。实验研究表明,在外加电压为5.0 V,EDTA∶Fe²⁺=2∶1(摩尔比,Fe²⁺=40 mmol/L),H₂O₂=48 mmol/L,电解质Na₂SO₄=40 mmol/L,废水pH值为(6.5±0.1)的条件下,降解260 mg/L的甲基橙模拟废水90 min, EDTA的加入可以使甲基橙模拟废水的脱色率由29.5%上升到78.4%,COD由571.429 mg/L降至80 mg/L,COD的降解率为86%,EDTA在此过程中既是催化剂又是反应物,可有效避免EDTA带来二次环境污染的可能性。     

胶团强化超滤中表面活性剂结构差异对苯酚增溶性能的影响研究

在胶团强化超滤(MEUF)技术处理有机物废水中,采用多因素正交实验研究了3种不同类型的阳离子型表面活性剂,即疏水链长度相同,而亲水基头不同;亲水基头相同,而疏水链长度不同的表面活性剂,分析基团差异对于苯酚增溶的影响。结果表明,十六烷基氯化吡啶(CPC)对于苯酚的去除效果最好,其次是十八烷基三甲基溴化铵(OTAB),最后是十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(CTAB)。综合去除效果和经济性两方面考虑,在单因素超滤实验中选择OTAB来重点研究表面活性剂浓度和电解质浓度两个操作参数对于苯酚增溶的影响。