Interregional burden-sharing of greenhouse gas mitigation in the United States

Emissions trading is anattractive candidate for implementinggreenhouse gas mitigation, because it canpromote both efficiency and equity. Thispaper analyzes the interregional impacts ofalternative allocations of carbon dioxideemission permits within the U.S. Theanalysis is performed with the aid of anonlinear programming model for ten EPARegions and for six alternative permitdistribution formulas. The reason thatvarious alternatives need to be consideredis that there is no universal consensus onthe best definition of equity. Advanceknowledge of absolute and relative regionaleconomic impacts provides policy-makerswith a stronger basis for making thechoice. The analysis yields several usefulresults. First, the simulations indicatethat no matter how permits are allocated,this policy instrument can substantiallyreduce the cost of GHG mitigation for theU.S. in comparison to a system of fixedquotas for each of its regions. Interestingly, the welfare impacts ofseveral of the allocation formulas differonly slightly despite the large differencesin their philosophical underpinnings. Also, the results for some equity criteriadiffer greatly from their application inthe international domain. For example, theEgalitarian (per capita) criterion resultsin the relatively greatest cost burdenbeing incurred by one of the regions of theU.S. with the lowest per capita income.     

絮凝剂对钻井污水ξ电势的影响

钻井污水是一种棕黑色的多组分复杂体系，含有大量粘土粒子、电解质、少量浮油和油田处理剂，基本上属于胶体体系。ξ电势是胶体的一个重要性质，试验中研究测试了几种常用无机絮凝剂处理钻井污水时ξ电势的变化，根据ξ电势的大小及等电点时絮凝剂的用量对其进行了筛选。     

淮河上游全新世黄土-土壤剖面重金属元素分布与环境变化

在野外考察研究的基础上利用X-射线荧光光谱仪测定了河南禹州全新世YPC黄土-土壤剖面Zn、Cu、Co、Ni、Nb、Pb、V、Cr、Mn、Ti重金属元素的含量及其变化,研究表明在黄土堆积期,重金属元素的含量都很低,变化幅度也很小,可作为衡量古土壤层成壤改造的背景值.在全新世古土壤和现代表土中这些元素含量却大大增加,说明在温暖湿润的时期,成壤改造使易溶易迁移元素的淋失导致重金属元素的相对富集.而Pb含量从8cm深度处向上急剧增加,增幅达60%,这是大气污染物沉降积累的客观记录.     

兰州市大气颗粒物多环芳烃的恒能量同步荧光光谱特征研究

通过传统单波长激发/发射荧光光谱法与恒能量同步荧光光谱法进行对比,对大气颗粒物中多环芳烃(PAHs)进行了定性定量分析,采用恒能量同步荧光光谱法在不同能量差下建立了15种典型PAHs成分的恒能量同步荧光法的标准谱库.在各PAHs在最佳能量差下进行定量分析,结果表明,除苊荧光信号响应较差外,其余PAHs的LOD和LOQ分别为0.0580～3.18、0.232～12.7 ng·mL~(-1).15种PAHs的空白和一定浓度下的加标回收率范围在82.8%～120.0%,相对标准偏差范围在0.51%～5.87%之间,以恒能量同步荧光光谱进行了兰州地区大气颗粒物中15种PAHs分布特征分析.     

乡镇环境保护的“角直模式”

本文分析了江苏省角直镇乡镇经济腾飞与环境保护协调同步的发展过程,总结出了“统一规划、合理布局、集中控制、全面管理、环境保护与经济建设协调发展”的“角直模式”,并就模式的优缺点作了一定程度的探讨.     

Leaching-induced migration and compositional form change of Cu,Zn, and Cd from sludge to loess

Land utilization of sewage sludge has become one of the major issues in environmental mitigation in China. This is particularly important in the Loess Plateau of Northwest China. Sludge enriched with organic matter and nutrients might effectively help to resolve the problems of silty loess soils as evidenced by porosity defect, structural alterations and absence of fertility. After sludge flows into the loess, irrigation water contains heavy metals that leach and migrate into sludge and consequently related human health risks may occur that raise concerns; and this situation needs to be rectified. The characteristics of the vertical migration and composition form change of Cu, Zn, and Cd from composted sludge to loess, and corresponding influencing factors, were investigated by performing a soil column simulation test under the leaching treatment of a one-year irrigation water capacity. Results demonstrated that: (1) composted sludge significantly improved loess fertility, and irrigation leaching transported only a small quantity of organic matter in sludge in the plough layer; (2) although some of the Cu, Zn, and Cd in composted sludge migrated to and concentrated in the middle and upper layers of the soil column during leaching, these metals were mostly retained in the plough layer; and (3) after the leaching treatment of the one-year irrigation water capacity, the compositions of Cu, Zn, and Cd (particularly Cu and Zn) in both plough layer and loess began to stabilize with low concentrations in the exudate. These findings confirmed the applicability of composted sludge in loess regions. This study provided a new insight into the sludge reuse in alkaline soils in arid and semi-arid region.     

Penicillin fermentation residue biochar as a high-performance electrode for membrane capacitive deionization

● We have provided an activated method to remove the toxicity of antibiotic residue. ● PFRB can greatly improve the salt adsorption capacity of MCDI. ● The hierarchical porous and abundant O/N-doped played the key role for the high-capacity desalination. ● A new field of reuse of penicillin fermentation residue has been developed. Membrane capacitive deionization (MCDI) is an efficient desalination technology for brine. Penicillin fermentation residue biochar (PFRB) possesses a hierarchical porous and O/N-doped structure which could serve as a high-capacity desalination electrode in the MCDI system. Under optimal conditions (electrode weight, voltage, and concentration) and a carbonization temperature of 700 °C, the maximum salt adsorption capacity of the electrode can reach 26.4 mg/g, which is higher than that of most carbon electrodes. Furthermore, the electrochemical properties of the PFRB electrode were characterized through cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) with a maximum specific capacitance of 212.18 F/g. Finally, biotoxicity tests have showed that PFRB was non-biotoxin against luminescent bacteria and the MCDI system with the PFRB electrode remained stable even after 27 adsorption–desorption cycles. This study provides a novel way to recycle penicillin residue and an electrode that can achieve excellent desalination.     

机载电子产品爆炸性大气试验方法研究

本文结合机载电子产品爆炸性大气试验情况,对机载电子产品爆炸性大气试验方法进行了探讨分析,为机载电子产品爆炸性大气试验方案设计提供指导。     

宝鸡市经济增长与环境空气综合污染指数关系研究

文章以空气综合污染指数法分析了宝鸡市2006年-2011年的环境空气质量状况,分析结果表明宝鸡市环境空气质量逐年变好。以人均GDP为经济指标,以空气综合污染指数为环境指标,建立经济增长与环境空气质量之间的计量模型,进行环境库兹涅茨曲线实证研究。研究结果表明,宝鸡市经济增长和环境空气质量的关系符合库兹涅茨曲线"拐点"后的下降部分。证明该市2006年-2011年的环境空气质量与人均GDP处于良性发展状态。