Effects of biochars on the bioaccessibility of phenanthrene/pyrene/zinc/lead and microbial community structure in a soil under aerobic and anaerobic conditions

The immobilization of co-contaminants of organic and inorganic pollutants by biochar is an efficient remediation strategy. However, the effect of biochar amendments on the bioaccessibility of the co-contaminants in dry versus flooded soils has rarely been compared. In batch experiments, bamboo-derived biochar(BB) had a higher sorption capacity for phenanthrene(Phe)/pyrene(Pyr)/zinc(Zn) than corn straw-derived biochar(CB), while CB had a higher sorption capacity for lead(Pb) than BB. After 150 days of incubation, the amendments of 2% CB, 0.5% BB and 2% BB effectively suppressed the dissipation and reduced the bioaccessibility of Phe/Pyr by 15.65%/18.02%, 17.07%/18.31%and 25.43%/27.11%, respectively, in the aerobic soils. This effectiveness was more significant than that in the anaerobic soils. The accessible Zn/Pb concentrations were also significantly lower in the aerobic soils than in the anaerobic soils, regardless of treatments.The Gram-negative bacterial biomass and the Shannon–Weaver index in the aerobic soil amended with 2% CB were the highest. The soil microbial community structure was jointly affected by changes in the bioaccessibility of the co-contaminants and the soil physiochemical properties caused by biochar amendments under the two conditions. Therefore, dry land farming may be more reliable than paddy soil cultivation at reducing the bioaccessibility of Phe/Pyr/Zn/Pb and enhancing the soil microbial diversity in the short term.     

Pollution level and distribution of PCDD/PCDF congeners between vapor phase and particulate phase in winter air of Dalian,China

In December 2009, ambient air was sampled with active high-volume air samplers at two sites: on the roof of the No. l building of Dalian Jiaotong University and on the roof of the building of Dalian Meteorological Observatory. The concentrations and the congeners between vapor phase and particulate phase of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) in the air were measured. Sample analysis results showed that the concentrations of PCDD/Fs in particulate phase was higher than that in gaseous phase. The ratio of PCDD to PCDF in gaseous phase and particulate phase was lower than 0.4 in all samples. The total I-TEQ value in gaseous phase and particulate phase was 5.5 and 453.8 fg/m³ at Dalian Jiaotong University, 16.6 and 462.1 fg/m³ at Dalian Meteorological Observatory, respectively. The I-TEQ value of Dalian atmosphere was 5.5-462.1 fg/m³ which was lower than international standard, the atmospheric quality in Dalian is better.     

A new Early Oligocene peradectine marsupial (Mammalia)from the Burqin region of Xinjiang,China

Tertiary marsupial records are very scarce in Asia. A new peradectine marsupial, Junggaroperadectes burqinensis gen. et sp. nov., is reported from the Early Oligocene Keziletuogayi Formation in the Burqin region, Xinjiang, China. This new species is based on a single right upper M2. The tooth possesses a straight centrocrista, a characteristic of peradectines. Its main cusps lean buccally, with the paracone being smaller and lower than the metacone. The conules and stylar cusps are weakly developed. These characters distinguish J. burqinensis from Euro-American Tertiary peradectines, but they also imply a close phylogenetic relationship to Siamoperadectes and Sinoperadectes, two Asian Early Miocene peradectines.     

鱼毒性微藻小定鞭藻对海洋青鳉鱼的急性致毒效应研究

小定鞭藻(Prymnesium parvum)藻华通常会使养殖的鱼类大量死亡,是一种常见的鱼毒性藻类。本文以海洋青鳉鱼(Oryzias melastigma)为受试生物,研究小定鞭藻胁迫对海洋青鳉鱼的急性毒性效应及抗氧化酶活性变化,以期揭示小定鞭藻对鱼类的安全阈值及致毒作用方式。研究结果表明,在浓度0.9×108~11.2×108/L范围内,随着小定鞭藻浓度的增加,其对海洋青鳉鱼的毒性越强,呈明显的剂量-效应关系。3、24、和48 h的半致死浓度LC₅₀分别为5.62×108、1.58×108和1.44×108/L。当小定鞭藻浓度分别为1.87×108和2.8×108/L时,半致死时间LT₅₀分别为41.75 h和6.5 h,最大无作用浓度为0.9×108/L,推测小定鞭藻藻华对鱼类的安全阈值为9×106/L。低浓度小定鞭藻胁迫可使海洋青鳉鱼的过氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性降低,但不呈剂量-效应关系,高浓度小定鞭藻可诱导过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性升高,低浓度小定鞭藻可使海洋青鳉鱼丙二醛(MDA)含量升高,提示低浓度小定鞭藻胁迫可导致海洋青鳉鱼脂质过氧化,这可能是小定鞭藻对鱼类致毒作用的方式之一。     

Polyphenylene sulfide based anion exchange fiber: Synthesis, characterization and adsorption of Cr(VI)

A fibrous strong base anion exchanger (QAPPS) was prepared for the first time via chloromethylation and quaternary amination reaction of polyphenylene sulfide fiber (PPS), and its physical-chemical structure and adsorption behavior for Cr(VI) were characterized by FT-IR, Energy Dispersive Spectrometry, TG-DTG, elemental analysis and batch adsorptive technique, respectively. The novel fibrous adsorbent could effectively adsorb Cr(VI) over the pH range 1-12, the maximum adsorption capacity was 166.39 mg/g at pH 3.5, and the adsorption behavior could be described well by Langmuir isotherm equation model. The adsorption kinetics was studied using pseudo first-order and pseudo second-order models, and the t_1/2 and equilibrium adsorption time were 5 and 20 min respectively when initial Cr(VI) concentration was 100 mg/L. The saturated fibers could be regenerated rapidly by a mixed solution of 0.5 mol/L NaOH and 0.5 mol/L NaCl, and the adsorption capacity was well maintained after six adsorption-desorption cycles.     

Combined effects of cadmium and fluoranthene on germination, growth and photosynthesis of soybean seedlings

The single and combinational effects of cadmium (Cd) and fluoranthene (FLT) on germination, growth and photosynthesis of soybean seedlings were investigated. Exposure to 5, 10, or 15 mg Cd/L or 1, 5, or 10 mg FLT/L individually or in combination significantly decreased germination vigor (3 days) and final germination rate of soybean seeds, except at 1 and 5 mg FLT/L. The results of two-way ANOVA analysis and the Bliss independence model showed that at lower concentrations of FLT (1 mg/L), the interaction between Cd and FLT on germination was antagonistic, whereas the interaction was synergistic when the concentration of FLT was 5 or 10 mg/L and the concentration of Cd was 15 mg/L. Growth, expressed as dry weight, length of shoot and root, leaf area, and photosynthesis, expressed as net photosynthetic rate, intercellular CO2 concentration, chlorophyll contents and fluorescence of soybean seedlings were also reduced by exposure to 5 or 10 mg Cd/L or 1 or 5 mg FLT/L, singly or jointly. Significant antagonistic effects of exposure to 5 or 10 mg Cd/L or 1 or 5 mg FLT/L on shoot growth and photosynthesis were observed, whereas synergy and antagonism of Cd and FLT were both observed for root growth.     

傍河型渗渠取水水质安全评价研究——以海浪河某水源地为例

在一些特殊的河段或地形条件下,渗渠取水在供水安全保障方面发挥着重要作用。运用内梅罗污染指数法对海浪河某傍河型渗渠水源地附近的河水水质、渗渠运行期间的渗渠水水质,以及渗渠停用后渗渠周围地下水水质进行了对比分析,结果表明,渗渠运行期间河水的水质综合评分在1~2之间(Ⅱ类水),同期的渗渠水水质综合评分在0.5左右(Ⅰ类水),在渗渠停用后周围地下水水质综合评分在2左右(Ⅲ类水);可见,渗渠水质优于河水。因此,在适宜地段合理布设渗渠,可进一步保障供水安全。     

清洁生产审核在机械制造企业中的应用

清洁生产是企业实现可持续发展战略的必由之路,企业清洁生产审核是企业实施清洁生产的重要内容和有效工具。本文在对某机械制造企业进行清洁生产审核中,针对行业特点,结合企业自身情况,组织实施了3个中／高费方案和18无／低费方案,已实施方案每年可节电79．7万度,节约柴油10．1吨,节约工时费25．0万元,燃气费1．0万元,产生效益93．2万元,取得了良好的经济效益、环境效益和社会效益。     

杭州某退役污水处理厂退役场地污染调查与健康风险评估

通过对杭州某污水处理厂退役场地环境总体质量进行调查分析,得出场地主要超标特征污染物是锌、镍,污染区域主要分布在内堆场区域,内堆场土壤样品中重金属超标率为29%,最大超标深度为4 m,污染深度主要集中在0¹00 cm深度土层中。通过健康风险评估方法对退役场地在居住用地暴露情景下进行风险评估,评估结果表明,退役场地致癌风险较小,存在一定的非致癌风险,镍和铬是主要的非致癌风险污染物,主要的暴露途径是经口摄入暴露,基于退役场地后续开发利用规划,建议采用外运处置、客土封闭等技术对场地污染土壤进行修复。     

甲萘威在土壤中的吸附与迁移行为研究

分别采用振荡平衡法、土壤薄层层析法和土柱淋溶法研究了甲萘威在不同土壤中的吸附和淋溶特性。结果表明,甲萘威在红土、黄土、水稻土、黑土4种土壤中的吸附和淋溶性均存在差异。土壤吸附常数K d值分别为0.127、0.381、9.652、15.54,吸附能力强弱顺序为黑土>水稻土>黄土>红土。甲萘威在红土中属于易淋溶、可移动,在黄土中属于可淋溶、中等移动,在水稻土和黑土中属于难淋溶、不易移动。影响甲萘威在土壤中吸附和淋溶的主要因素是土壤有机质含量,土壤有机质含量越高,对甲萘威的吸附性越强,淋溶性越弱。