公路黄土路堑高边坡植物防护研究

首先根据大量现场调查资料,归纳出了黄土路堑高边坡的8类地质结构模型和坡面破坏类型;再根据公路工程地质分区,并结合边坡地质结构模型,提出了黄土地区公路路堑高边坡植物防护的基本原则;最后,在保证边坡整体稳定的合理坡型的基础上,提出了公路黄土路堑高边坡植物防护技术方案。     

A promising clean process for production of diosgenin from Dioscorea zingiberensis C. H. Wright

This study proposes a new approach for diosgenin production from Dioscorea zingiberensis C. H. Wright tubers with respect to resources utilization and clean production. This process consisted of two successive parts, i.e., recovery of starch from raw material, and microbial hydrolysis of the residue to produce diosgenin by Trichoderma reesei. In the first step, about 75.4% of hemicellulose and 98.0% of starch were removed from the tubers. In the second step, about 90.2% of diosgenin was released from saponins by T. reesei at 30 °C, at an aeration of 0.80 vvm and agitation rate of 300 rpm in a 5.0 L bioreactor. Significant reduction of pollutant production was detected by replacing the traditional approach with the proposed new method. About 99.2% of reducing sugar, 99.4% of chemical oxygen demand, 99.2% of total organic carbon, 100% of SO₄^2?, and 100% of acid was reduced in the new processing wastewater.     

Environmental behaviors of phoxim with two formulations in bamboo forest under soil surface mulching

Phoxim (emulsifiable concentrate (EC) and granules (G)) has been widely used in bamboo forests. The persistence and magnitude of phoxim residues in the crop and soil must be investigated to ensure human and environmental safety. The environmental behaviors of the two formulations were investigated in a bamboo forest under soil surface mulching conditions (CP) and non-covered cultivation conditions (NCP). The half-lives of phoxim in soil under the two conditions in soil were 4.1–6.2 days (EC) and 31.5–49.5 days (G), respectively. Phoxim in EC could be leached from the topsoil into the subsoil. A minimized leaching effect was observed for G under NCP. Inversely, an enhanced leaching effect was observed for G under CP. The G formulation resulted in more parent compound (in bamboo shoots) and metabolite (in soil) residues of phoxim than in the case of EC, especially under CP conditions. In addition, the intensity and duration of the formulation effect on soil pH adjustment from G were more obvious than that from EC. Results showed that the environmental behaviors (distribution, degradation, residue) of phoxim in the bamboo forest were significantly influenced by the type of formulation. The prolongation effect from phoxim G might cause persistence and long-term environmental risk. However, bamboo shoot consumption could be considered relatively safe after applying the recommended dose of the two phoxim formulations.     

外源有机酸添加对风化煤矸石污染释放及重金属有效性的影响

为评价不同类型有机酸对风化煤矸石污染释放的影响,通过在风化煤矸石中添加不同种类的外源有机酸(腐殖酸、柠檬酸、草酸、水杨酸)进行处理,分析稳定7d后煤矸石浸出液的特征污染组分及TCLP提取态重金属含量。结果表明:对照处理组的风化煤矸石浸出液具有典型的酸性矿山废水特征。添加少量柠檬酸、草酸和水杨酸能显著(p0.05)降低风化煤矸石浸出液的pH和Eh值、明显增加浸出液的盐度、亚铁、总铁和硫酸盐含量,然而腐殖酸处理对浸出液pH、EC、Eh无明显影响,且可降低浸出液硫酸盐含量。少量外源有机酸添加均能不同程度促进风化煤矸石中Fe、Mn、Cu、Zn元素溶出,其中水杨酸处理对4种金属元素的溶出量较大。然而4种外源有机酸处理则能有效抑制Pb溶出,其中柠檬酸、水杨酸处理抑制效果最明显。有机酸添加对风化煤矸石的重金属有效性影响表现为4种外源有机酸处理均能明显增加风化煤矸石中Mn元素的有效性,降低Zn元素的有效性,但对Fe元素的有效性影响不明显。4种外源有机酸添加对煤矸石中Cu元素有效性具有不同程度的影响,其中腐殖酸、草酸处理能明显降低Cu元素有效性,而柠檬酸和水杨酸处理则明显增加Cu的有效性。     

银川平原主要湖泊湿地水环境现状调查与分析

为了掌握和了解银川平原主要湖泊湿地的水质环境状况,对宁夏沙湖、鸣翠湖、星海湖、阅海湖、鹤泉湖等湿地开展了水质现状调查和分析研究,结果表明,这些湖泊湿地都受到污染,沙湖、星海湖和鸣翠湖的水质受到轻度污染,水质根据地表水环境质量标准分类为IV类,鹤泉湖和阅海湖的水质受到中度污染,水之类别为V类。该研究为湿地资源保护与合理利用提供科学依据,对宁夏经济协调发展提供科技支撑。     

Heavy metal phytoextraction by Sedum alfredii is affected by continual clipping and phosphorus fertilization amendment

Improving the efficacy of phytoextraction is critical for its successful application in metal contaminated soils. Mineral nutrition affects plant growth and metal absorption and subsequently the accumulation of heavy metal through hyper-accumulator plants. This study assessed the effects of di-hydrogen phosphates (KH₂PO₄, Ca(H₂PO₄)₂, NaH₂PO₄ and NH₄H₂PO₄) application at three levels (22, 88 and 352 mg P/kg soil) on Sedum alfredii growth and metal uptake by three consecutive harvests on aged and Zn/Cd combined contaminated paddy soil. The addition of phosphates (P) significantly increased the amount of Zn taken up by S. alfredii due to increased shoot Zn concentration and dry matter yield (DMY) (P<0.05). The highest phytoextraction of Zn and Cd was observed in KH₂PO₄ and NH₄H₂PO₄ treatment at 352 mg P/kg soil. The amount of Zn removed by phytoextraction increased in the order of 1st clipping<2nd clipping<3rd clipping, and for Cd extraction the order was 2nd clipping<1st clipping<3rd clipping. These results indicate that the application of P fertilizers coupled with multiple cuttings can enhance the removal of Zn and Cd from contaminated soils by S. alfredii, thus shortening the time needed for accomplishing remediation goals.     

微塑料诱导下污泥造粒潜能变化及微生物富集特征

微塑料(MPs)是污水处理厂中普遍检出的新兴污染物之一,目前研究主要集中于传统污水处理系统的污染水平及分布特征,但有关微塑料暴露对污泥颗粒化过程的研究鲜见报道.为探究微塑料对污泥颗粒化的诱导影响,选用环境中广泛检出的聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯微塑料(PET-MPs)作为研究对象,通过微塑料暴露试验研究PET-MPs对污泥造粒过程中系统潜能、胞外聚合物(EPS)组成和菌群富集特征的影响.结果表明,PET-MPs暴露显著加快污泥颗粒化进程,同时以蛋白质(PN)为主导的EPS含量上升会增强污泥表面疏水性,造粒速度和EPS分泌量与暴露粒径成正比,微塑料和EPS协同促进颗粒污泥的形成.然而微塑料持续暴露会导致系统除污性能恶化,250μm PET-MPs暴露下亚硝酸盐氮积累的负面影响最严重,浓度高达(5.08±0.24)mg·L^-1.高通量测序结果进一步表明,变形菌门(Proteobacteria)和拟杆菌门(Bacteroidota)是促进颗粒污泥形成的主要优势门;红环菌科(Rhodocyclaceae)、鞘氨醇杆菌科(Sphingomonadaceae)、黄杆菌科(Flavob...     

Quality assured measurements of animal building emissions: gas concentrations

Comprehensive field studies were initiated in 2002 to measure emissions of ammonia (NH3), hydrogen sulfide (H2S), carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nonmethane hydrocarbons (NMHC), particulate matter <10 microm in diameter, and total suspended particulate from swine and poultry production buildings in the United States. This paper focuses on the quasicontinuous gas concentration measurement at multiple locations among paired barns in seven states. Documented principles, used in air pollution monitoring at industrial sources, were applied in developing quality assurance (QA) project plans for these studies. Air was sampled from multiple locations with each gas analyzed with one high quality commercial gas analyzer that was located in an environmentally controlled on-farm instrument shelter. A nominal 4 L/min gas sampling system was designed and constructed with Teflon wetted surfaces, bypass pumping, and sample line flow and pressure sensors. Three-way solenoids were used to automatically switch between multiple gas sampling lines with > or =10 min sampling intervals. Inside and outside gas sampling probes were between 10 and 115 m away from the analyzers. Analyzers used chemiluminescence, fluorescence, photoacoustic infrared, and photoionization detectors for NH3, H2S, CO2, CH4, and NMHC, respectively. Data were collected using personal computer-based data acquisition hardware and software. This paper discusses the methodology of gas concentration measurements and the unique challenges that livestock barns pose for achieving desired accuracy and precision, data representativeness, comparability and completeness, and instrument calibration and maintenance.     

Conservation genetics of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Lumnitzera littorea</Emphasis> (Combretaceae), an endangered mangrove,from the Indo-West Pacific

Mangrove forests, with their ecological significance and economic benefits, are vital inter-tidal wetland ecosystems. Lumnitzera littorea (Combreataceae) is a non-viviparous mangrove distributed in tropical Asia and North Australia. Due to natural and human impacts, populations of this species have been isolated, fragmented, and highly disturbed. In China, L. littorea is an endangered species, restricted to small regions of Hainan Island. The genetic composition of five populations of this species from the Indo-West Pacific (South China, Malay Peninsula, Sri Lanka, North Australia) was assessed using inter simple sequence repeat (ISSR) makers. At the species level, expected mean heterozygosity (He) was 0.240 with 75.6% of loci polymorphic (P). However, genetic variation was much lower at the population level (P = 37.1%, He = 0.118). A high coefficient of gene differentiation (Gst = 0.515) and low level of gene flow (Nm = 0.470) indicated significant genetic differentiation among populations. AMOVA also indicated that more than half the total variation (58.4%) was partitioned among populations. The high degree of differentiation observed among populations emphasizes the need for appropriate conservation measures that incorporate additional populations into protected areas, and achieve the restoration of separate, degraded populations.