一体化设备处理某乡镇微污染地下水工艺研究

针对乡镇地下水微污染的特点,研究石英砂一沸石过滤器、膜组件与紫外线消毒器一体化设备处理效果,当进水浊度在15—36NTU,出水浊度达0．2—0．5NTU,去除效率达98％-99．3％;进水氨氮浓度范围为0．4～1．4mg／L,反应3．5min后出水的氨氮浓度小于0．5mg／L;微生物指标去除率为100％。采用一体化设备处理乡镇微污染地下水可行。     

混凝吸附法深度处理焦化废水

采用混凝吸附法对丹东某焦化厂的焦化废水进行深度处理。混凝剂为聚合氯化铝,助凝剂为聚丙烯酰胺,吸附剂为粉煤灰,当聚合氯化铝的投加量为0.4g/L,聚丙烯酰胺的投加量为4mg/L,粉煤灰的投加量为0.9g/L时,采用混凝剂和吸附剂同时加入的方式,可使COD值降至41mg/L、色度为50倍,达到辽宁地方排放标准,处理成本仅为0.74元/t。     

褐煤地下气化过程中铅和砷的迁移规律的研究

在煤炭地下气化模型试验的基础上,研究了褐煤原煤及其气化产物中的铅和砷的含量和分布,进行了铅和砷的质量平衡计算,并分析了其析出的反应机理.实验结果表明,铅在原煤中以残渣态23.07%、碳酸盐和铁锰氧化物结合态53.96%、硫化物结合态22.96%存在,而砷则以残渣态47.73%、有机结合态7.95%、硫化物结合态40.90%存在.在气化过程中63.65%的铅和56.23%的砷残存在地下煤灰中,1.15%的Pb和6.62%的As转化到煤气冷凝水中,35.20%的Pb和37.15%的As转化到煤气中.     

应用微生物组合技术治理富营养化水体的研究

应用光合细菌、硝化、玉垒菌等高效微生物及其组合，采用悬浮浮与挂膜两种批式工艺，对比分析其对富化水体有机物的却除及含氮化合物的转化效果，同时，采用接触氧化反应器进行连续流试验考察其对氨氮的转化效果。结果证明，采用微生物组合技术处理方法治理富营养水切实可行。     

啶酰菌胺在斑马鱼体内的富集特性及其对SDH和复合物Ⅱ活性的抑制

为进一步探索啶酰菌胺对水生生物的毒性,选择斑马鱼为供试生物,采用半静态法,研究了啶酰菌胺在斑马鱼体内的富集与消除规律及对其肝脏和鳃的毒性作用。结果表明,斑马鱼暴露于0.08、0.32 mg·L~(-1)中,14 d后均达到富集平衡,28 d生物富集系数(BCF_(28 d))分别为35.50和36.72。在0.16、0.32 mg·L~(-1)浓度下,斑马鱼的比肝重(HSI)和比鳃重(BSI)均明显高于对照组,而肝脏和鳃中琥珀酸脱氢酶(SDH)和线粒体呼吸链复合物II活性均明显低于对照组,浓度低于0.08 mg·L~(-1)时,对斑马鱼无明显影响。由此可知,啶酰菌胺对斑马鱼为中等富集性,并对其肝脏和鳃有一定毒性作用。     

一株耐盐解磷真菌的筛选及生物学特性研究

土壤中解磷微生物能够增加磷酸钙的溶解性,从而提高植物对磷的利用效率。采集草坪根际盐碱化土壤,采用涂布平板法进行菌种初筛,并对菌株进行生物学特性研究。结果表明,所得解磷菌株是一株解磷效果较好的真菌(记作F1305),其发酵液中的有效磷质量浓度为280.35mg/L;解磷圈直径与菌落直径之比(D/d)达到1.78;最适碳源为麦芽糖,乳糖培养基上生长最差;对于所供4种氮源,菌株F1305在酵母浸膏上过于疯长,在亚硝酸钠上几乎不生长,最适氮源为酵母浸膏,硝酸钠次之;4种温度及pH条件下,菌株F1305均可生长,最适温度为35℃,最适pH为7.0。发酵条件的优化组合试验得到菌株F1305的最适解磷条件,即温度为35℃,pH为6.0,碳氮比为20∶1(质量比),转速设置为100r/min运行12h、然后130r/min运行24h、最后100r/min运行12h。     

不同粒径零价铁(ZVI)对污水污泥H2S和CH4释放速率的影响

考察了不同粒径零价铁(ZVI),包括200目普通铁粉(200m-ZVI)、800目超细铁粉(800m-ZVI)和纳米铁粉(nZVI,粒径=20 nm),对污水污泥的硫化氢和甲烷释放速率的影响。研究发现:(1)在22 d内,添加0.1%的200m-ZVI使污泥的硫化氢释放速率提高48.0%,而添加0.1%的800-ZVI和nZVI,则使污泥的硫化氢释放速率分别降低33.1%和77.1%;(2)不同粒径ZVI均可以提高污泥沼气中的甲烷浓度,且依次为nZVI>800m-ZVI>200m-ZVI;(3)在23 d内,添加0.1%的200m-ZVI和nZVI使污泥的甲烷累计产生量分别提高了15.5%和40.6%,而添加0.1%800m-ZVI则使甲烷产生量降低了12.5%。nZVI可以有效控制污泥的硫化氢释放,并显著提升污泥在厌氧发酵过程的产甲烷速率。     

改性沸石对Cd(Ⅱ)的吸附平衡及动力学

采用等温吸附法比较了氢氧化钠、氯化钠、硝酸铵、硫酸、磷酸、混合盐和高温改性沸石对含镉废水的吸附效果,并采用Langmuir、Freundlich等温线方程及Lagrange假一级动力学方程、假二级动力学方程、粒内扩散方程对实验数据进行了拟合。结果表明,镉浓度大于10 mg/L时,NaOH改性沸石吸附效果最好,吸附率在99.2%以上;沸石对镉的吸附符合Langmuir方程,属单分子层吸附,最大吸附量Qm=6.456 mg/g;改性沸石对Cd2+的吸附动力学符合假二级动力学方程,以化学吸附为主,有多个控速步骤。     

Lead exposure improves the tolerance of Spodoptera litura (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) to cypermethrin

Many ecological factors such as heavy metals can affect the tolerance of herbivorous insects to chemical insecticide. Spodoptera litura larvae exposed to lead (Pb) (0-100 mg kg(-1) in artificial diet) did not inhibit their growth. After 96 h of Pb (0-100 mg kg(-1)) exposure, topical application and feeding of cypermethrin to S. litura decreased their mortality and increased weight gain. Moreover, the mortality of S. litura treated with 25 and 50 mg kg(-1) of Pb for five generations was significantly lower than control. In addition, Pb accumulation was detected in midgut, fat body, brain and hemolymph, and its highest level was in the midgut. Furthermore, there was a significant negative correlation between Pb accumulation in fat body and mortality after topical application of cypermethrin. After 96 h of Pb exposure, there was increase expression of detoxification enzymes (CYP9A39 and CYP6B47) in midgut and fat body of S. litura. Therefore, the tolerance of S. litura to cypermethrin is increased by Pb exposure at certain concentrations through Pb accumulation in body and the increase of CYP9A39 and CYP6B47 expression.     

Characterization of top phase oil obtained from co-pyrolysis of sewage sludge and poplar sawdust

To research the impact of adding sawdust on top phase oil, a sewage sludge and poplar sawdust co-pyrolysis experiment was performed in a fixed bed. Gas chromatography (GC)/mass spectrometry (MS) was used to analyze the component distribution of top phase oil. Higher heating value, viscosity, water content, and pH of the top phase oil product were determined. The highest top phase oil yield (5.13 wt%) was obtained from the mixture containing 15 % poplar sawdust, while the highest oil yield (16.51 wt%) was obtained from 20 % poplar sawdust. Top phase oil collected from the 15 % mixture also has the largest amount of aliphatics and the highest higher heating value (28.6 MJ/kg). Possible reaction pathways were proposed to explain the increase in the types of phenols present in the top phase oil as the proportion of poplar sawdust used in the mixture increased. It can be concluded that synergetic reactions occurred during co-pyrolysis of sewage sludge and poplar sawdust. The results indicate that the high ash content of the sewage sludge may be responsible for the characteristic change in the top phase oil obtained from the mixtures containing different proportions of sewage sludge and poplar sawdust. Consequently, co-pyrolysis of the mixture containing 15 % poplar sawdust can increase the yield and the higher heating value of top phase oil.