镁盐和炉渣对印染废水的脱色处理简

实验研究了不同pH、温度、Mg²⁺投量和沉降时间下,镁盐、炉渣、镁盐+炉渣3种处理对模拟和实际印染废水的脱色效果。结果表明,在pH为11~11.5、沉降30 min、30℃及Mg²⁺投加量为500~600 mg/L的最优脱色条件下,3种处理对艳红FXC模拟废水的最大脱色率分别为98.41%、98.43%和99.37%,对实际印染废水的最大脱色率分别为90.18%、89.63%和93.33%,其中,镁盐+炉渣脱色效果最好,这可能与炉渣吸附和起到协同增强Mg（OH）₂沉淀效果的作用有关。对水样的液相色谱初步检测分析表明,实际废水脱色处理前后染色基团峰高和种类发生了变化。该研究对盐田富镁卤水和炉渣等废物的资源化开发有重要参考价值。     

利用数学模拟方法分析硝化MBR系统中SMP转换过程

为深入了解膜生物反应器（MBR）中微生物代谢产物（SMP）的生成降解以及利用情况,研究了以NH4Cl为惟一能源物质的硝化MBR反应器中SMP浓度以及分子量（MW）变化情况,并运用活性污泥模型3（ASM3）准确地计算出微生物利用底物相关的溶解性产物（UAP）和微生物死亡相关的溶解性产物（BAP）的量分别是多少,最终证明硝化系统中产生的SMP可作为能源物质被异养菌进一步利用,而且相较于BAP而言UAP更易于被生物降解,得出结论BAP是SMP中的主要污染成分。     

一体式MFC-好氧MBR运行效果及膜污染特性

膜生物反应器(MBR)是一种高效的污水处理工艺,而微生物燃料电池(MFC)能利用NO-3作为电子受体进行脱氮。为解决膜生物反应器(MBR)脱氮效率低和膜污染问题,建立了一套能够进行脱氮、有效抑制膜污染的一体式MFC-好氧MBR新工艺。以开路MFC-MBR反应器为对照,对耦合系统中污水处理效果、膜污染情况进行研究。研究表明,2套系统的COD去除率均超过88%,对NH4-N的去除均达到99%。闭路MFC-MBR系统TN去除率达到69.4%,高于开路系统的55.3%。混合液的MLVSS/MLSS稳定在88%左右,同时耦合系统能够改善污泥混合液的性质,zeta电位的绝对值和粘度较开路系统有所减少,污泥颗粒平均体积粒径(233.482μm)较开路系统(94.877μm)有明显增加,膜清洗周期延长了41.17%。     

厌氧氨氧化工艺在UASB反应器中的启动运行研究

利用UASB反应器进行了厌氧氨氧化工艺的启动运行研究。以自配高氮低碳废水为进水,普通厌氧污泥为接种污泥,在温度35℃,pH7.5～8.0的条件下连续运行220d,成功实现了厌氧氨氧化工艺的启动,氨氮容积负荷为0.43kg/(m~3·d)时,氨氮的去除率最高达88.3％,扫描电镜的观察结果表明,厌氧氨氧化污泥中的细菌以形状不规则的短杆菌为主。     

Effects of tourmaline on nitrogen removal performance and biofilm structures in the sequencing batch biofilm reactor

The effects of tourmaline on nitrogen removal performance and biofilm structures were comparatively investigated in two identical laboratory-scale sequencing batch biofilm reactors(SBBRs)(denoted SBBR1 and SBBR2) at different nitrogen loading rates(NLRs) varying from(0.24 ± 0.01) to(1.26 ± 0.02) g N/(L·day). SBBR1 was operated in parallel with SBBR2, but SBBR1 was filled with polyurethane foam loaded tourmaline(TPU) carriers and another(SBBR2) filled with polyurethane foam(PU) carriers. Results obtained from this study showed that the excellent and stable performance of SBBR1 was obtained. Ammonia nitrogen removal and total nitrogen removal were higher in SBBR1 than that in SBBR2 with increase of NLR. At an NLR of(0.24 ± 0.01) g N/(L·day), the majority of the spherical and elliptical bacteria were surrounded by the extracellular polymeric substance(EPS) and bacillus or filamentous bacteria in two SBBRs biofilms. When NLR increased to(1.26 ± 0.02) g N/(L·day), the clusters were more obvious in the SBBR1 biofilm than that in the SBBR2 biofilm. Bacteria in SBBR1 were inclined to synthesis more EPS, and the formed EPS could protect the bacteria from free ammonia(FA) under extreme condition NLR(1.26 ± 0.02) g N/(L·day). The results of polymerase chain reaction-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis analysis showed that the microbial community similarity in SBBR2 decreased more obviously than that in SBBR1 with the increase of NLR, which the microbial community in SBBR1 was relatively stable.     

紫色土坡耕地硝酸盐淋失特征

利用具有壤中流测定功能的径流小区的定位观测结合土壤剖面硝酸盐累积的动态分析,研究了紫色土坡地硝酸盐淋失特征.结果表明,紫色土坡地硝酸盐呈旱季累积,雨季淋失的特点,而壤中流是紫色土硝酸盐淋失的主要通道.紫色土为土层浅、土壤下伏透水性极弱的紫色泥页岩,同时夏季降雨丰富,壤中流极为发育,2003～2005年壤中流平均流量为169.7mm,占雨季径流量的52.42%,其中,NO3--N含量持续偏高,2003～2005年平均含量高达14.92mg·L-1.3年平均随壤中流淋失的硝态氮达27.98 kg·hm-2,占年施肥量的10.0%,硝酸盐淋失具有季节与年际间差异,淋失负荷主要受壤中流流量影响.紫色土坡地硝酸盐随壤中流大量淋失不仅造成当地浅层地下水硝酸盐污染,而且将加剧长江三峡库区水环境压力.     

Immobilization of lead in anthropogenic contaminated soils using phosphates with/without oxalic acid

Understanding the effects of oxalic acid (OA) on the immobilization of Pb(II) in contaminated soils by phosphate materials, has considerable benefits for risk assessment and remediation strategies for the soil. A series of phosphate amendments with/without oxalic acid were applied to two anthropogenic contaminated soils. We investigated the immobilization of Pb(II) by KH₂PO₄, phosphate rock (PR), activated phosphate rock (APR) and synthetic hydroxyapatite (HAP) at different phosphate:Pb (P:Pb) molar ratios (0, 0.6, 2.0 and 4.0) in the presence/absence of 50 mmol oxalic acid/kg soil, respectively. The effects of treatments were evaluated using single extraction with deionized water or CaCl₂, Community Bureau of Reference (BCR) sequential extraction and toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP) methods. Our results showed that the concentration of water extractable, exchangeable and TCLP-Pb all decreased with incubation time. The concentration of water-extractable Pb after 120 days was reduced by 100% when soils were amended with APR, HAP and HAP + OA, and the TCLP-Pb was < 5 mg/L for the red soil at P:Pb molar ratio 4.0.Water-soluble Pb could not be detected and the TCLP-Pb was < 5 mg/L at all treatments applied to the yellow-brown soil. BCR results indicated that APRwasmost effective, although a slight enhancement of water-soluble phosphate was detected at the P:Pbmolar ratio 4.0 at the beginning of incubation. Oxalic acid activated phosphates, and so mixing insoluble phosphates with oxalic acid may be a useful strategy to improve their effectiveness in reducing Pb bioavailability.     

Inhibitive effects of chlortetracycline on performance of the nitritation-anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox) process and strategies for recovery

The short-and long-term effects of chlortetracycline(CTC) on the nitritation-anaerobic ammonium oxidation(anammox) process were evaluated. The half maximal inhibitory concentration of CTC in the batch tests of the nitritation-anammox process was 278.91 mg/L at an exposure time of 12 hr. The long-term effects of CTC on the process were examined in a continuous-flow nitritation-anammox reactor. Within 14 days, the nitrogen removal rate significantly decreased from 0.61 to 0.25 kg N/m~3/day with 60 mg/L CTC in the influent.The performance suppressed by CTC barely recovered, even after CTC was removed from the influent. Furthermore, the inhibition of CTC also reduced the relative abundance of ammonium oxidizing bacteria(AOB) and anaerobic ammonium oxidizing bacteria(An AOB)in the reactor, resulting in both a decreased amount of and an imbalance between AOB and An AOB. When fresh anammox sludge was reseeded into the nitritation-anammox reactor,the nitrogen removal rate recovered to 0.09 ± 0.03 kg N/m~3/day.     

某饮用水处理厂中5种抗生素的去除

通过对美国某饮用水厂处理工艺和对象的介绍,研究各处理单元对克拉霉素(clarithromycin,CLA)、脱水红霉素(erythromycin-H2O,ERY)、左氧氟沙星(levofloxacin,LEV)、新诺明(sulfamethoxazole,SUL)和甲氧苄啶(trimethoprim,TRI)等5种目标抗生素的去除规律;从目标抗生素的残留和各处理单元的去除率角度分别分析时间和空间对去除规律的影响,并探讨抗生素和常规水质参数去除率间的相关关系。研究发现,原水中5种抗生素的平均浓度范围为0～26.8 ng/L,出水降至0～2.3 ng/L,该水厂工艺对5种抗生素的总去除率可达79.5%,其中CLA、ERY、LEV、SUL和TRI的去除率分别为92.8%、24%、100%、85.7%和53.2%;不同采样时间各采样点的抗生素浓度均呈现出秋季高的特点,但各处理单元的处理效率在不同的季节却表现出很大的差异;CLA可作为抗生素总量变化趋势预测的"指示抗生素";抗生素的总量浓度和总去除率与UV254的浓度及去除率之间有很好的正相关性,可以通过对UV254值的测定和去除率的计算来预测抗生素浓度的大小和去除率变化趋势。该研究从抗生素去除角度为我国新建和改扩建饮用水厂工艺提供较好的理论依据。     

基于树木地貌法重建山洪泥石流历史事件--以北京密云区龙潭沟流域为例

认识区域山洪泥石流活动史是预测未来气候变化背景下灾害发展趋势的基础。利用树轮中的生长干扰信息,可以对未知山洪泥石流历史事件准确定年。本文以北京市密云区龙潭沟流域的曹庄子沟和合峪沟两条泥石流沟为研究对象,利用树木地貌学方法,在已知灾害年基础上获取阔叶树杨树的树轮生长扰动百分比,再重建未知灾害年并进行验证。结果表明:树轮对灾害的响应要滞后一年;2011年曹庄子沟的山洪导致该沟流通区、左岸、右岸和堆积区的树轮生长扰动百分比分别为-30.59%、43.78%、43.47%、-30.44%;2016年曹庄子沟的泥石流导致该沟四个分区的树轮生长扰动百分比分别为-46.08%、-45.15%、-46.64%、-37.32%。根据上述结果,推求并验证了曹庄子沟其他灾害年为2002、2013年,合峪沟灾害年为1997、2002、2011、2013、2016年。研究区1997、2002、2011、2013、2016年的响应树比例分别为35.42%、66.07%、46.43%、32.14%、58.93%,利用响应树比例能够区分灾害严重年份和次严重年份。2010年至今,该流域山洪及泥石流灾害活动频数有所增大,未来该流域再发生山洪泥石流灾害可能性仍较大。