新型膜生物反应器的研究和应用

膜生物反应器 (MBR)是膜技术与生物反应器相结合而形成的一种新型的废水处理工艺。文章介绍了新型膜生物反应器对各种特种废水的处理效果 ,详细介绍了膜生物反应器在国内外的应用情况 ,探讨了存在的问题和解决的途径。     

大型仓库防火分隔带设计和预期财产损失研究

基于"性能化设计仓库安全水平不低于处方式设计仓库"的设计理念,针对某大型仓库进行了防火分隔带的设计和预期财产损失的评估。探讨了具体案例中采用事件树、概率计算与数值模拟相结合进行性能化设计安全水平分析和预期财产损失评估的方法。研究结果表明,进行仓库消防系统有效性分析和预期财产损失评估,有助于更全面地评价消防性能化设计方案的安全水平。     

China’s sponge cities alleviate urban flooding and water shortage: a review

Environmental Chemistry Letters - About one tenth of humans are impacted by water shortages around the globe. Water resilience is worsening under climate change because intensifying weather...     

Understanding and addressing the environmental risk of microplastics

Over the past decades, the plastic production has been dramatically increased. Indeed, a category of small plastic particles mainly with the shapes of fragments, fibers, or spheres, called microplastics (particles smaller than 5 mm) and nanoplastics (particles smaller than 1 μm) have attracted particular attention. Because of its wide distribution in the environment and potential adverse effects to animal and human, microplastic pollution has been reported as a serious environment problem receiving increased attention in recent years. As one of the commonly detected emerging contaminants in the environment, recent evidence indicates that the concentration of microplastics show an increasing trend, for the reason that up to 12.7 million metric tons of plastic litter is released into aquatic environment from land-based sources each year. Furthermore, microplastic exposure levels of model organisms in laboratory studies are usually several orders of magnitude higher than those found in environment, and the microplastics exposure conditions are also different with those observed in the environment. Additionally, the detection of microplastics in feces indicates that they can be excreted out of the bodies of animal and human. Hence, great uncertainties might exist in microplastics exposure and health risk assessment based on current studies, which might be exaggerated. Policies reduce microplastic emission sources and hence minimize their environmental risks are determined. To promote the above policies, we must first overcome the technical obstacles of detecting microplastics in various samples.     

Influence of H2S and NH3 on biogas dry reforming using Ni catalyst: a study on single and synergetic effect

● NH₃ in biogas had a slight inhibitory effect on dry reforming. ● Coexistence of H₂S and NH₃ led to faster decline of biogas conversion. ● Regeneration was effective for catalysts deactivated under synergetic effect. Biogas is a renewable biomass energy source mainly composed of CH₄ and CO₂. Dry reforming is a promising technology for the high-value utilization of biogas. Some impurity gases in biogas can not be completely removed after pretreatment, which may affect the performance of dry reforming. In this study, the influence of typical impurities H₂S and NH₃ on dry reforming was studied using Ni/MgO catalyst. The results showed that low concentration of H₂S in biogas could cause serious deactivation of catalyst. Characterization results including EDS, XPS and TOF-SIMS confirmed the adsorption of sulfur on the catalyst surface, which was the cause of catalyst poisoning. We used air calcination method to regenerate the sulfur-poisoned catalysts and found that the regeneration temperature higher than 500 °C could help catalyst recover the original activity. NH₃ in the concentration range of 50–10000 ppm showed a slight inhibitory effect on biogas dry reforming. The decline rate of biogas conversion efficiency increased with the increase of NH₃ concentration. This was related to the reduction of oxygen activity on catalyst surface caused by NH₃. The synergetic effect of H₂S and NH₃ in biogas was investigated. The results showed that biogas conversion decreased faster under the coexistence of H₂S and NH₃ than under the effect of H₂S alone, so as the surface oxygen activity of catalyst. Air calcination regeneration could also recover the activity of the deactivated catalyst under the synergetic effect of H₂S and NH₃.     

矿化垃圾床反应器厌氧甲烷氧化协同生物脱氮的研究

垃圾卫生填埋过程中逸散的甲烷与渗滤液处理过程中反硝化段不够彻底产生的硝酸盐对周围环境具有严重的威胁,反硝化厌氧甲烷氧化技术可实现甲烷与硝酸盐的同步去除,极具应用前景.本研究通过模拟垃圾填埋过程,以矿化垃圾作为垃圾填埋的覆土层与反硝化厌氧甲烷氧化微生物的接种源,建立了矿化垃圾床系统.结果表明,反应系统在140d的运行期间...     

X射线防护服所需铅当量的研究与应用

铅当量是X射线防护服最重要的性能指标,铅当量的大小决定着X射线防护服屏蔽X射线的能力。X射线防护服的铅当量有不同的等级,需根据不同的X射线照射条件和工作情况选择使用。本文通过计算给出了几种常用管电压下防护服屏蔽散漏X射线所需的铅当量值,可为X射线防护服的使用单位或个人在购买和使用时提供参考。选择适合铅当量的X射线防护服,可以避免因选用的防护服或用具铅当量不足而达不到有效屏蔽X射线的效果,造成健康的危害;也可以避免因选用过大铅当量的X射线防护服或用具,致使作业人员过多负重,导致疲劳,发生人为失误,也可以避免造成不必要的经济浪费。另外,为了保证X射线防护服的使用效果,本文给出了X射线防护服的检验、贮存和使用等管理方法。     

基于海洋生态环境影响的核电厂温排水布置方式研究

本研究利用二维潮流场和温升场数值模型预测分析了核电厂不同温排水布置方式下温升扩散特点和影响范围。在此基础上结合周边海洋生态环境敏感区的特点,以海洋生态环境功能区水质环境管控要求作为比选优化指标,对不同的温排水布置方案进行了比选和优化,从降低温排水影响范围、减小对周边海洋生态环境功能区水质环境影响以及降低取水温升的角度给出了最优排水布置方案。研究结果表明,核电厂温排水的影响范围与周边海域地形地貌、海洋水文特征以及排水口的布置形式、位置等密切相关,暗管深排方案有利于温排水的稀释扩散,对于降低高温升区影响范围具有积极作用,但影响低温升区扩散范围的因素较多,深水排放并非一定能够减小低温升区的影响范围。     

海湾深厚海床场地二维非线性远场强地震反应特征∗

人们早已认识到远距离强地震可能引起覆盖层深厚的沿海或盆地城市发生严重的地震灾害。以某杭州湾跨海通道为背景,建立跨海湾海床二维场地的精细化有限元模型,依据区域地震活动性,选取远场大地震井下记录作为海床基岩的输入地震动,考虑地震动特性、海床微地形特征、沉积土的空间异质性和非线性滞回特性,研究了远场强震引起的海床场地非线性地震效应特征。海床场地效应与海床微地形特征、沉积土的空间异质性和输入地震动特性密切相关。凹陷地表边缘、基岩隆起和凹陷部位及海床土软弱区域的场地放大效应显著,呈现出低频聚焦现象,且竖向地震反应更为明显。仅考虑水平向地震作用将显著低估海床非线性场地效应程度,水平向和竖向地震同时作用引起的竖向地震效应不应忽视。     

摩擦摆隔震支座理论分析与数值模拟研究

介绍了摩擦摆隔震支座的基本构成和隔震原理.利用力学平衡原理,对摩擦摆隔震支座进行了理论分析,推导了摩擦摆隔震支座的刚度和等效粘滞阻尼比,构造了摩擦摆隔震支座的滞回模型,并探讨了该支座的自回复能力,得到了其最大残余位移计算公式.采用有限元软件ABAQUS,对摩擦摆隔震支座进行实体单元建模,模拟低周反复荷载作用下,该支座的...