洗涤废水化学法除磷试验研究

对Ａｌ２（ＳＯ４）３，Ｃａ（ＯＨ）２不同反应条件下去除洗涤废水中总磷的情况作了对比试验，结果表明，按Ｃａ（ＯＨ）２：ＴＰ＝３．７：１．０（重量比）投加试剂，回用生成的磷灰石沉淀助凝，ＴＰ（总磷）去除率可达９５％，ＣＯＤｃｒ有少量去除。     

蚯蚓处理对城市生活污泥水溶性有机物结构特性的影响

对蚯蚓处理前后污泥水溶性有机物的量及分子量比例进行了分析,同时采用傅立叶红外光谱(FTIR)和荧光光谱分析技术,研究了水溶性有机物的组成与结构特征变化.结果表明,和对照相比,污泥经蚯蚓处理后,水溶性有机物的含量和小分子有机物的比例增加,小分子物质含量增加12%.红外光谱和荧光光谱的结果表明,污泥经蚯蚓处理后,水溶性有机物中羧基和多糖类物质增加,芳香族类物质的量增多,产生了少量的蛋白质类物质.同时发现,蚯蚓处理使污泥水溶性有机物不饱和结构的多聚化或联合程度变小,水溶性有机物的结构变得更加简单,形成了更多的小分子有机物。     

石灰性土壤中高效解磷细菌菌株的分离、筛选及组合

对石灰性土壤样品进行了解磷细菌的分离和筛选,得到具有明显溶磷圈的解磷细菌71株.分析了菌株分泌磷酸酶、释放速效磷及pH降低等综合因素和特征,研究了菌株生长动态.最后筛选出解磷能力较强且无拮抗反应的6株解磷细菌,并将其组合成为解磷细菌菌群.图8表2参17     

长期定位施肥对土壤生理转化菌群的影响

针对哈尔滨黑土28 a长期定位施肥现状进行土壤生理转化菌群测试分析,采用稀释平板法和MPN法测定不同施肥处理土壤的微生物各生理群的数量.结果表明:施肥处理的土壤微生物多样性指数最高,微生物种类多,群落结构较复杂,同不施肥处理之间的土壤微生物群落结构组成存在显著差异.     

响应曲面法优化絮凝处理木薯淀粉废水

采用中心复合实验设计和响应面分析法研究复合絮凝剂聚合氯化铝锌(PAZC)和聚合氯化铝(PAC)混凝处理木薯淀粉废水,进行设计和分析,以溶液pH值和絮凝剂用量为考察因素,分别以COD、浊度去除率为考察指标,选用最佳优化数学模型描述考察指标和考察因素之间的数学关系,并以设定PAZC和PAC对COD去除率(65%),浊度去除率(90%)和SS去除率(90%)的目标值,通过等高线叠加图预测最优实验条件,得到PAZC投量为6.5 mg/L,pH为7.7时,COD去除率和浊度去除率分别达到最大为76.6%和99.9%;PAC投量为19.2 mg/L,pH为7.8时,COD去除率和浊度去除率最大值分别为64.4%和97.1%。经对最优条件进行验证,预测值与验证实验平均值接近。     

The sedimentation capabilities of hexadecyltrimethylammonium-modified montmorillonites

Natural montmorillonite was modified with a quaternary ammonium compound, hexadecyltrimethylammonium (HDTMA). The sedimentation capabilities of unmodified and modified montmorillonites were then investigated. The sedimentation velocity of modified montmorillonites increased if the amounts of adsorbed HDTMA were from 0.3 to 1.0 times the cation exchange capacitity (CEC). It also emerged that the sedimentation capability of modified montmorillonites was improved and that the variously CEC-modified montmorillonites had similar sedimentation capabilities after they had sorbed organic matter from oily wastewater. Thus, modified montmorillonites (especially 0.5 CEC treatment) had good sedimentation capabilities for sorbing organic substance and can act as carriers in wastewater biotreatment.     

酸性条件下剩余污泥中Ca2＋和Mg2＋溶出对磷回收的影响

为了在酸性条件下实现剩余污泥中磷的高效回收,对pH=3时剩余污泥水解酸化过程中氨氮、正磷酸盐和钙镁离子的溶出现象以及磷回收进行了研究分析。结果表明：当pH=3时,所溶出的氨氮、镁离子和钙离子与磷酸盐的摩尔比均大于1,能满足采用鸟粪石沉淀法或者羟磷灰石沉淀法回收磷的要求;但所溶出的钙镁离子的摩尔比大于1,会对鸟粪石沉淀法回收磷的顺利进行有较大影响;有无外加镁剂对磷回收率影响不大。采用改型后的镁型强酸性阳离子交换树脂进行离子交换可以得到较高纯度的鸟粪石沉淀产品,通过XRD检测其纯度为95％以上。     

道路交通中苯并(a)芘的高效液相色谱快速测定

用超细玻璃纤维滤膜采集杭州市某道路上机动车排放的苯并（ａ）芘,经超声萃取,高速离心后直接进ＨＰＬＣ分析。在选定的色谱条件下,苯并（ａ）芘与其他多环芳烃完全分离,绝对进样量在０．８～０．０２ ｎｇ时线性良好,相关系数为０．９９９７９,最小检出量０．８ ｐｇ,加标回收率８７．５％～９３．８％。     

Blowing Smoke in Yellowstone: Air Quality Impacts of Oversnow Motorized Recreation in the Park

Snowmobile use in Yellowstone National Park has been shown to impact air quality, with implications for the safety and welfare of Park staff and other Park resource values. Localized impacts have been documented at several high-use sites in the Park, but the broader spatial variability of snowmobile emissions and air quality was not understood. Measurements of 87 volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were made for ambient air sampled across the Park and West Yellowstone, Montana, during 2 days of the 2002–2003 winter use season, 1 year before the implementation of a new snowmobile policy. The data were compared with similar data from pristine West Coast sites at similar latitudes. Backward trajectories of local air masses, alkyl nitrate-parent alkane ratios, and atmospheric soundings were used to identify the VOC sources and assess their impact. Different oversnow vehicle types used in the Park were sampled to determine their relative influence on air mass pollutant composition. VOCs were of local origin and demonstrated strong spatiotemporal variability that is primarily influenced by levels of snowmobile traffic on given road segments at different times of day. High levels of snowmobile traffic in and around West Yellowstone produced consistently high levels of benzene, toluene, and carbon monoxide.     

Estimating Forest Ecosystem Evapotranspiration at Multiple Temporal Scales With a Dimension Analysis Approach1

Abstract:  It is critical that evapotranspiration (ET) be quantified accurately so that scientists can evaluate the effects of land management and global change on water availability, streamflow, nutrient and sediment loading, and ecosystem productivity in watersheds. The objective of this study was to derive a new semi‐empirical ET modeled using a dimension analysis method that could be used to estimate forest ET effectively at multiple temporal scales. The model developed describes ET as a function of water availability for evaporation and transpiration, potential ET demand, air humidity, and land surface characteristics. The model was tested with long‐term hydrometeorological data from five research sites with distinct forest hydrology in the United States and China. Averaged simulation error for daily ET was within 0.5 mm/day. The annual ET at each of the five study sites were within 7% of measured values. Results suggest that the model can accurately capture the temporal dynamics of ET in forest ecosystems at daily, monthly, and annual scales. The model is climate‐driven and is sensitive to topography and vegetation characteristics and thus has potential to be used to examine the compounding hydrologic responses to land cover and climate changes at multiple temporal scales.