A review of regulations and guidelines related to winter manure application

Winter manure application elevates nutrient losses and impairment of water quality as compared to manure applications in other seasons. In conjunction with reviewing global distribution of animal densities, we reviewed worldwide mandatory regulations and voluntary guidelines on efforts to reduce off-site nutrient losses associated with winter manure applications. Most of the developed countries implement regulations or guidelines to restrict winter manure application, which range from a regulative ban to guidelines based upon weather and field management conditions. In contrast, developing countries lack such official directives, despite an increasing animal production industry and concern over water quality. An analysis of five case studies reveals that directives are derived from a common rationale to reduce off-site manure nutrient losses, but they are also affected by local socio-economic and biophysical considerations. Successful programs combine site-specific management strategies along with expansion of manure storage to offer farmers greater flexibility in winter manure management.     

腐殖土的改性及对氨气的吸附性能

氨气是一种无色而具有强烈刺激性气味的碱性气体,不仅对人和动物健康造成危害,还会对空气造成污染。腐殖土有疏松多孔的结构和羧基、羟基等官能团。实验以腐殖土为原料,采用典型的酸、碱、盐对其进行改性,以扩大比表面积和孔径,来改善腐殖土对氨气的吸附能力。结果表明：用17%的H2SO4溶液,液固比为8∶1,60℃活化8 h,105℃下烘干的条件下改性得到的腐殖土比表面积最大,由原样的12 m2·g-1提高到46 m2·g-1,提高3.83倍。改性后的腐殖土中加入1%的甲基纤维素,制成的吸附剂在200℃焙烧2 h,穿透时间由原样的10 min增长到90 min,提高了8倍。穿透吸附量由原样的0.085 mg·g-1增加到2.3 mg·g-1,提高了26倍。     

表面活性剂CMC对石油烃污染土壤的增溶

研究了表面活性剂羧甲基纤维素钠（carboxyl methyl cellulose,CMC）对土壤中石油污染物的增溶作用。通过批实验,对比研究了CMC和十二烷基苯磺酸钠SDBS 2种表面活性剂的增溶效果,探究了CMC浓度、pH、盐度及回用次数对土壤中石油烃增溶效果的影响。研究结果表明,当CMC浓度为0.5%,增溶时间为24 h时,对TPHs浓度为17 695 mg·kg-1的污染土样,TPHs洗脱率高达60%以上。碱性环境有利于石油烃的洗脱,酸性体系会抑制石油烃的洗脱;增溶作用随盐度的增大而显著增大。在利用CMC对污染土壤进行增溶洗脱时,对于TPHs高浓度污染土壤,可以选择将其洗脱液回用1次或者2次;对于TPHs较低浓度污染土壤,可以选择将其洗脱液回用于较高浓度的污染土壤。     

Research and application of method of oxygen isotope of inorganic phosphate in Beijing agricultural soils

Phosphorus (P) in agricultural ecosystems is an essential and limited element for plants and microorganisms. However, environmental problems caused by P accumulation as well as by P loss have become more and more serious. Oxygen isotopes of phosphate can trace the sources, migration, and transformation of P in agricultural soils. In order to use the isotopes of phosphate oxygen, appropriate extraction and purification methods for inorganic phosphate from soils are necessary. Here, we combined two different methods to analyze the oxygen isotopic composition of inorganic phosphate (δ¹⁸O_P) from chemical fertilizers and different fractions (Milli-Q water, 0.5 mol L^?1 NaHCO₃ (pH = 8.5), 0.1 mol L^?1 NaOH and 1 mol L^?1 HCl) of agricultural soils from the Beijing area. The δ¹⁸O_P results of the water extracts and NaHCO₃ extracts in most samples were close to the calculated equilibrium value. These phenomena can be explained by rapid P cycling in soils and the influence of chemical fertilizers. The δ¹⁸O_P value of the water extracts and NaHCO₃ extracts in some soil samples below the equilibrium value may be caused by the hydrolysis of organic P fractions mediated by extracellular enzymes. The δ¹⁸O_P values of the NaOH extracts were above the calculated equilibrium value reflecting the balance state between microbial uptake of phosphate and the release of intracellular phosphate back to the soil. The HCl extracts with the lowest δ¹⁸O_P values and highest phosphate concentrations indicated that the HCl fraction was affected by microbial activity. Hence, these δ¹⁸O_p values likely reflected the oxygen isotopic values of the parent materials. The results suggested that phosphate oxygen isotope analyses could be an effective tool in order to trace phosphate sources, transformation processes, and its utilization by microorganisms in agricultural soils.     

简青霉-生物炭联合吸附处理染料废水

利用简青霉菌丝球固定生物炭制得一种新型生物吸附剂,吸附处理亚甲基蓝(MB)和甲基橙(MO)两种染料,考察了接触时间、菌丝球和生物炭用量、pH、染料初始浓度等影响因子对处理效果的影响。结果表明,菌丝球固定生物炭不仅保留了两者的吸附能力,而且易于固液分离。含炭菌丝球对亚甲基蓝的吸附效果优于甲基橙。甲基橙和亚甲基蓝的吸附平衡时间分别为48 h和60 h。亚甲基蓝在碱性条件下的吸附去除效果更好,甲基橙的吸附最适pH范围为5~6。Langmuir等温模型比Freundlich等温模型更适合模拟含炭菌丝球对亚甲基蓝和甲基橙的吸附行为。实验结果可以为微生物和生物炭的联合应用提供科学依据。     

Fe3+和Cu2+对饮用水氯消毒副产物三卤甲烷形成的影响

为了研究水中存在Br-的情况下,Fe3+和Cu2+对三卤甲烷(THMs)的生成及CHCl3、CHBrCl2、CHBr2Cl、CHBr3 4种消毒副产物相对分布的影响,以腐殖酸模拟氯消毒过程中的前体物进行实验。结果表明,在pH为6、7和9 3种条件下,Fe3+抑制了THMs的生成,pH=6时只有CHCl3生成量随着Fe3+浓度的增加逐渐减少,其余3种消毒副产物均在增加,pH=7时4种消毒副产物浓度均减小并在Fe3+浓度为2 mg/L时生成量最低,pH=9时的生成趋势与pH=6时类似。Cu2+能促进THMs的生成,在pH为6、7和9时,当加入0.5 mg/L Cu2+时,THMs总量分别增加了16.7%、22.6%和2.5%,随着pH增加,THMs总量增加。在3种pH环境中,Cu2+对THMs生成的影响大于Fe3+,在偏酸性环境中,Fe3+影响THMs生成,产生的致癌风险高,当金属离子浓度为2.5 mg/L时,致癌风险相差最高为15%,在中性和偏碱性环境中,Cu2+影响THMs生成,产生的致癌风险高。     

网状季胺基阴离子吸附剂制备及吸附性能

以丝瓜络为原料,采用醚化-接枝技术制备出季胺基阴离子交换吸附剂。采用电镜扫描、傅里叶红外光谱、比表面积孔径分布测定仪和元素分析仪等仪器对其进行分析和结构表征,并考察了温度、p H和硝酸盐初始浓度等因素对NO-3去除率的影响。实验结果表明,在20℃,p H值为3~10时,NO-3的吸附率可达90%左右;在不同温度下该吸附过程用Langmuir等温线模型和Freundich等温线模型描述均可;与伪一级动力学方程相比,伪二级动力学方程能更好地描述其吸附动力学方程。     

Past,present, and future use of phosphorus in Chinese agriculture and its influence on phosphorus losses

Large inputs of phosphorus (P) in chemical fertilizers and feed supplements since 1978 have improved soil P status in arable land in China, but have also created challenges by increasing P concentrations in manure and exacerbating water quality degradation. Arable land in China can be divided into five management zones based on soil P chemistry, with 15–92 % of arable land having lower P status than the agronomic optimum and 0.3–7.2 % having severe risks of P leaching losses. A scenario analysis of soil P budget and agronomic P demand during 2011–2030 highlighted the great pressure China faces in sustainable P management and the need for drastic changes in current practices. This includes new policies to reduce P supplementation of feed and improved P use efficiency by livestock and programs to expand the adoption of appropriate fertilization, soil conservation, and drainage management practices to minimize P losses.     

永定河上游张家口地区水污染物排放负荷与贡献

运用源强系数法,估算永定河上游张家口地区不同来源水污染物的排放负荷,并评估不同污染源的贡献。结果表明:(1)永定河上游张家口地区COD排放负荷为97 533.43t/a;氨氮排放负荷为10 596.73t/a;总磷排放负荷为1 389.11t/a。(2)COD主要来自畜禽养殖业和城镇生活污水,分别占总排放负荷的53.66%和31.41%;氨氮主要来自城镇和农村生活污水,分别占总排放负荷的40.15%和27.04%;总磷主要来自畜禽养殖业和城镇生活污水,分别占总排放负荷的28.99%和26.54%。(3)从空间上看,宣化区COD、氨氮、总磷排放负荷均为最大,宣化区是永定河上游张家口地区水污染的主要贡献区。     

城中村雨水污水完善改造方案浅析

结合深圳盐田区城中村污水完善改造设计及施工服务中所遇到的问题,提出为彻底解除雨水污水混流现象而采取的措施和方法,以作为今后城中村雨水污水分流制改造过程中的借鉴或参考。